Chapter 3 Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards by randy hee

Cytology _____ the study of cellular structure and function

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Two types of cells: Sex cells ______ Somatic cells

and

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Sex cells are sperm ____ oocytes

and

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Somatic cells _____ all other cells

are

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Cells Smallest Unit __ Life, lowest portion of life

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Cells performs Vital Physiological functions of

life

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Plasma Membrane, First level of cell, seps cell from environment

from

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Nonmembranous Organelles _____ not completely enclosed

are

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Cytoskeleton - Skeleton of the cell

and

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Microvilli - Increase ___ surface area of the plasma membrane

the

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Cilia Long extentions of Plasma Membrane, moves material across cell surface

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Membrane Proteins, Integral (not easily separated)

are

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Recognition Proteins Label cells as Normal ___ Abnormal

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Peripheral Proteins attach Plasma membranes to outside structures

are

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Receptor Proteins Bind and respond to Ion. Ligands (Hormones)

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Golgi Apparatus creates secretory vesicles ____ new membrane components

and

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Glycoclyx, “sugar Coat”, Lubes ____ protects

and

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Carrier Proteins Binds Solutes + Trans across the plasma membrane

that

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Glycocalyx binding, anchoring, movement, recognition

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Mitochondria ____ responsible for ATP production through aerobic metabolism

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The Nucleus ____ the control center of the cell

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Nucleus ____ surrounded by the nuclear evelope

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Nucleus contains ____ supportive matrix

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Nucleus controls ___ synthesis of specific proteins

the

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Cellular information ____ stored in chromosomes

Chromosomes consist ___ DNA bound to Histones

Histones ____ non dividing cells

are

Genetic Code ____ called "triplet code"

a Gene contains ____ the DNA triplets needed to produce a peptide chain

all

DNA controls Protein Synthesis, cell structure ____ cell function

and

Gene Activation, RNA Polymerase bind __ a gene

Transcription is RNA produced from ___ DNA template

Translation ___ a functional polypeptide

Diffusion ___ a passive transport of solutes through memebrane

Diffusion is the movement of a substance ____ a higher concentration to a lower concentration

from

Osmosis ____ net flow of water across permeable membrane

Isotonic solution does _____ cause water to flow

not

Hypotonic solution will cause water to flow ____ a cell

into

Facilitated Diffusion ___ compounds transported across a membrane after binding

Active Transport consume ATP's ____ are not dependent on concentration gradients

and

Potential Difference ____ measured in volts between two sides of a membrane

Membrane Potential ___ the measured volts of energy

resting Membrane Potential _____ undisturbed resting cell

is a

Cell Division ___ reproduction of cells

Apoptosis ____ the genetically controlled death of a cell

Mitosis is ____ nuclear division of somatic cells

the

Cyclokinesis _____ the division into two daughter cells

The longer the life expectancy of a cell, the slower ___ replication

the

Cell life cycle is determined by hormones ____ growth factors

and

A Tumor can be benign ___ malignant

Malignant cell may spread _____ invasion (locally)

Metastasis is the spread ____ malignant cells to distant areas of the body

Metastasis ____ cancer

somatic cell nuclei have 23 _____ of chromosomes

pairs

Phsphorylation, synthesises fatty acids ___ lipids

and

Cholesterol maintains viscosity of cell _____

fluid

Cytoplasm - All materials inside ___ cell

the

Cytosol ____ intracellular fluid

Organelles - ____ no membrane, Perform specific functions

have

Organelles - Nonmembranous ___ Cytoskeleton, Centrioles, Ribosomes, Protosomes, Microvilli, Cilia, Flagella

are

Organelle - Membranous - Enclosed - Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitdochondria

some

Inclusions - ____ masses of insoluble materials, Glycogen and Lipids

are

Non Membraneous Inclusions _ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

are

Membraneous Inclusion - Nucleus

Extracellular Fluid is Transport Only

Microfilament - Filaments Protein _ ACTIN

Microtubules - Anchor Organelles, strengthen cells, has hollow tubes

has

Microtubules _ Help with Cellular division

help

Filliments and Microtubules determine cell shape ___ function

and

intermediate filliments - Cytoskeleton - strength, stabilize organelles, ___ stabilizes cell position

and

Microtubules - Tubulin Protein - Globular Protein ___ Blood

Microtubules - Motor Proteins Create Movement in

muscles

Microtubules help with Cell Division

Cell Division

Microvilli is attached to the cytoskeleton

Centrioles - Spindle apparatus during cell division

cell division

Centrosomes - next to nucleus

next to nucleus

Ribosomes synth Proteins, are organelles, determines __ cells are produced

how

Free Ribosomes float in Cytoplasm, makes protein

and

Fixed Ribosomes ___ attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum

are

Protosomes - Organelles that contain enzymes

that

Centrioles contain 9 microtubule triplets

9 triplets

Membranous Organelles - ____ Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria

contain

Membranous Organelles, Synth proteins, Carbs ___ Lipids

and

The ER synthesizes molecules ___ materials

The ER transports within the ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum

ET will absorb drugs ___ toxins

two ER's - Rough ER ___ Smooth ER

and

Smooth ER has no attached Ribosomes ____ Phospholipids

and

Smooth ER, Glycerides stored in Liver Fat Cells ___ Muscle

and

Rough ER ___ surface is covered with Ribosomes

Ribosomes fold protein, synth proteins carbs and lipids

Golgi Apparatus - Transport Vessicle ___ modifies new protein

and

Golgi Apparatus trans out through secretory vessicles

DNA transcribed to mRNA, sent to the tRNA (transfer) reads the mRNA and transfers to Protein

Amino Acids - To peptide bond

Autolysis - Breaks down membranes - digestive enzymes

Lysosomes - packaged and produced by the Golgi Apparatus

Peroxisomes - generate hydroperoxide

Autolysis - Lysosomes removes damaged organelles

Autolysis - Lysosomes destroys bacteria

Peroxisomes - breaks down enzyme into water and oxygen

Cilia Movement - Aerorobic with O2, Anarobic without O2

Mitochondria - organelles produce energy

ATP synth 32 ATP'S

ATP Produced in Mitochondria _ use two ATP's

Mitochondria produce energy

Golgi Apparatus adds or removes Carbs from proteins

Golgi Apparatus renews or modifies Plasma Membrane

Citric Acid breaks down Pyuvate - Electron transport chain

Glycolysis - glucose enters cell - produce high energy electron acceptors - NADH

Nucleus - Largest Organelle, contains DNA ___ rRNA

and

Nuclear Envelope - DBL membranes around Nucleus

DBL Membrane attached to the ER

Nucleus contains DNA, RNA, Enzymes __ Proteins

and

Gene - DNA instructions for on protein

Genes can be turned on ___ off

Genes produce specific proteins

Activate a Gene, uncoil DNA

Nucleus - Chromatin ___ Chromosomes

Chromatids - pairs - copies of each other

Kinetochore _ in one cell in another

Genes - Tendencies ____ Eyigenetics Environment

Genetic Code, Chem lang of DNA

Takes 3 pairs to create a amino acid

mRNA - Codons, messenger- binds nucleotides

DNA Polynease - Binding info to synth protein

From Nucleus - DNA to mRNA, mRNA to tRNA

mRNA to tRNA produces long chain of amino acids, Primary Structure

secondary structure - non functional

tiratry structure - First level of structure, functional, shape

Gene Sequence - Intron

Gene Coding Segment - Axion

Template Strand , Coding Strand, mRNA (Codon), tRNA (AntiCodon), Amino Acid

Genetic Code - Sequence of bases, Triplet Code, 3 bases to make one amino acid

Human Gnode 46 chromosomes

RNA processing - Introns + Exons

One Gene Sequence - 11 proteins can be made

mRNA (codon) binds to tRNA (anticodon)

tRNA - Provides one amino acid

tRNA tail binds to Codon amino acids to build proteins

two strands of DNA

mRNA to tRNA - translation, transcription, protein synthesis

Protein Synthesis - Assemble Polypeptides in Cytoplasm

DNA Controls Synthesis, specific proteins, changes Gene Activation

Gene Activation (test q) uncoiling a segment of DNA, Removing the Histones, to allow the uncoiling

DNA codes off Template

Translation - mRNA - linear chain of amino acids or protein, mRNA binds to tRNA

Diffusion + Osmosis - passive trasport

Diffusion and Osmosis based on Permeability

Nothing passes a impermeable membrane

Selective Permeability - depends on size and charge of trying to pass through

Diffusion - movement from Higher Concentration to a lower one

Concentration Gradient - The Difference between high and low concentrations of substance

Factors that influence Diffusion and Osmosis - Distance particle has to move, size (smaller faster diffusion), heat (more is faster), Concentration Gradient, Electrical attraction (opposites attract)

Plasma membrane not neg charge

Diffusion across Plasma Membrane, Simple diffusion - Lipid Soluble compounds _ alcohols, fatty acids, steroids

Diffusion across Plasma Membrane - Simple diffusion - dissolved gasses, 02 and C02

Channel Mediated Diffusion - Affected by size and charge and Interaction

Osmosis - diffusion of water across selective permeable membranes

Osmosis, water molecules diffuse across membrane towards solution with more solutes

Osmotic Pressure - force pure water moves into a solute, as a result of solute concetration

Hydrostatic Pressure - pressure needed to block osmosis

Hydrostatic Pressure - equilibrium on either side of Plasma membrane

Osmolarity - total solute concentration in a solution

Tonicity - How solution affects cells

Isotonic - No real pressure, stays the same shape and size

Hypotonic - lower solute concetration, gains water, may rupture (hemolysis)

Hypertonic - Higher solute concentration, Loses water and shrinks

Carrier Mediated Transport - proteins transport ions and organic substrates across plasma membrane

Carrier Mediated Transp - Specificity - One protein, one set of substrates

Carrier Mediated Transp - Saturation Limits - rate depends on protein and substrates availability

Carrier Mediated Transp - Regulation - Cofactors - Hormones affect carriers activity

Facilitated Diffusion - Passive - Carrier Proteins trans molecules too big to fit through channel, ie glucose + amino acids

Facilitated Diffusion - molecule binds to receptor site on carrier protein, Protein changes shape, molecule passes through. Receptor is specific to certain molecules

Primary Active Transport - Pumping solutes against concentration using ATP

Primary Active Trans - Sodium Potassium Pump - ATP powers movement of 3 sodium Ions out, 2 postassium IONs in

Secondary Active Trans - ATP is required to establish Concentration Gradient of one substance - passively trans another

Endocytosis - trans of extracellular materials packaged within Vesicles. Requires ATP

Endocytosis - Receptor Mediated - Receptors bind target molecules ( Ligands)

Pinocytosis - Endosomes "drink" extracellular fluid

Membrane Potential - separation of charge across membrane

Membrane Potential Difference is created - Pos + Neg charges separate

Membrane Potential - unequal charge across membrane

Resting Membrane Potential depends on cell type

Cell Division - Cell divides into two daughter cells

Apoptosis - End of cells life span

Interphase - nondividing somatic cells spend their lives

G1 Phase - Norman cell functions 8-12 hours

S phase, G2 Phase, Cell Division

Mitosis - duplication of somatic cells - 2 daughter cells - 46 chromosomes each

Test - Metaphase aligned chromatids in a plane

Stem Cells - Squamous Epithelium

Cell Division - longer the life - slower the rate

Cell Division - Stimulated internal (MPhase), Extracellular Chem factors ( growth factors), can be inhibited by terminal DNA (telomeres)

DNA Polymerase - from gene

RNA synth from the DNA template

Tumor - Abnormal Cell Growth - Beign (don't spread), Malignant (spreads to surrounding cells)

Cancer - becomes malignant, mutation occurs with cell growth, Onocogenes (cancer causing)

Onocogenes - agents that cause mutation

Carcinogens - Mutagens - Cancer Causing Agents _ Cancer spreads in blood

Cellular Differentiation - turning off genes not needed by that cell, allows formation of specific types of cells ie liver etc etc