Chapter 6 Bones And Bone Structure Flashcards by randy hee

Functions of the skeletal system:

support, storage of minerals, whippets, and blood cell production, protection and leveage (change direction of force)

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6 Bone categories:

Sutural bones, irregular bones, short bones, flat bones, long bones, and Sesamoid bones

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Sutural Bones: Flat: Skull Between Cranial Bones - Irregular: Complex shape, short flat, notched or ribbed. Vertebrae, Pelvis, Skull - Short: Boxlike, Carpal (wrist) or Tarsal (ankle

Flat: Thin parallel surface, Skull, Sternum, ribs, sacpulae (shoulder), Protection of underlying tissue, Extensive area for muscle attachment - Long Bones: Long slender, arm, leg, forearm, thigh, palms, fingers soles toes - Sesmoid: Seed shaped, small round, Knee, Hands, Feet. (Petella)

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A long bone has: Test

Diaphysis (Extended Tubular Shaft), Epiphyses (Expanded Ends “Spongy Bone” Trabecular Bone), Metaphyses (Where Diaphsis and Epiphysis are connected) Medullary Cavity (Bone Marrow)

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Bone Marrow Blood Production - Red Blood Cells

Bone Tissue “Ensheated” by Perioteum

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Bones are classified by shape and structure

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Two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone

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The Medullary Cavity and Spongy Bone contains:

Red and Yellow bone marrow

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Bone Shapes

Sutural (small flat irregular), Irregular (Complex shape), Short Bones (Boxy (Carpal Bones), Flat (Thin Parallel surfaces), Long Bones (slender ends are wider) Sesamoid Bone (Seed Shaped - Petella)

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Bone matrix: Hydroxyapatite, Calcium Crystals

Bone without calcified matrix is flexible

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Osteogenic cells differentiate into Osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts synthesize new bone matrix

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Osteocytes and Canaliculi assists in bone repair

Osteoclasts dissolve the matrix through Osteolysis

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Osteoporosis - severe loss of bone mass, 45 and up,

29% Women, 18% Men, Sex Hormones help maintain bone mass

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The functional unit of compact bone is Osteon

Lamellae surrounds the Osteon

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Osteons contain Osteocytes

Osteocytes - Mature bone Cells, in Lactunae

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Spongy bone is located where stresses are limited

Process - Projection or Bump. Muscles attach

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Exercise - lessen Osteoporosis (esp women)

Bones, Intestines, Kidneys affect Calcium ION concentration.

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Ossification is the process of bone formation

Calcification ____ is the process of depositing calcium salt

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Skull: Ramus - Part of bone that forms angle to the rest of the bone. Sinus - Chamber (with air). Foramen - Round hole, Blood Vessels and Nerves

Fissure - Deep Furrow Clef or slit, Meatus - Passage or channel (canal)
Canal - Duct or Channel

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Endochondral Ossification ____is cartilage replaced by bone at metaphysis

Formation of the Epiphyseal Line differs from person to person

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Osteoclasts: Regulated by Hormones

3 major sets of blood vessels supply blood to the bones

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Exercise, nutrition ____and hormones affect bone development

2/3 of weight of bone ____is Calcium Phosphate Crystals

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Shape and Thickness of bones reflect stresses on them

Vitamins for bone growth ____is C and D

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Osteopenia effects ____the aging, Begins age 30 - 40, Women lose 8% per year, Men 3%,

Osteopenia - Non Pathological Bone Loss

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Normal Ossification requires reliable sources of minerals, vitamins and hormones

Osteopina effects - Epiphysis, Vertebrae, Jaw the most. Fragile, shortens height, tooth loss.

Calcium is critical to bone physiology

99% of calcium resides in the skeleton

Endochondral Ossification is Bone Growth at the Epiphyseal Cartilage.

The Epiphyseal Line: indicates that growth has ended

Fracture is a break _____or a crack in bone, Bone Repair is stronger than original bone

Fracture repair involves: Fracture Hematoma, external callus and internal callus

Interaction among bones, intestines and kidneys affects Calcium Ion Concentration

Haversian System: Osteon microscopic tubes in Cortical bone

Bone Remodeling -Organic and minerals continuously recycled

Osteoblasts - Replace Central Cartilage of External Callus with Spongy Bone.

Pariosteum - Lympthatic Vessels and Sensory Nerves

Parathyroid and Calcitonin - Hormones that facilitate Calcium Ions in Bone

2 Types of Fractures: Open (Compound) and Closed (Simple)

Types of Fractures: Traverse, Displaced, Compression (spine), Spiral,

Comminuted (bad), Green Stick (line fracture no separation), Coles (distal forearm), Pott's (Posterior near tarsal ankle).

Long Bone Sections: Diaphsis (Shaft), Epiphysis (Head), Epiphyseal Disc

Intramembranous Ossification: Dermal Ossification, Occurs in Dermis, dermal bones (mandible), Clavicles (shoulder)

Starts about 8th week of embryonic development.

Four Bone Cells - Osteogenic Cells (Osteoprogenitor): Stem Cell produce Osteoblasts

Mesenchymal divide, produce Osteoblasts, Found in Periosteum, Assists in bone repair, Wall of Medullary Cavity

Osteoblasts: Immature bone cell, secretes organic component into matrix

produce new bone matrix - Osteogenesis (ossification) - Osteiod is Matrix from Osteoblasts, Cuboidal Or Columnar, surrounded by bone matrix become Osteocytes

Bone Mass: 1/3 collagen 2% bone cells

Osteocytes: mature, don't divide, live in Lacunae between layers of matrix around blood vessels

Canaliculi: cytoplasmic extention, Functions: Maintain Protein & Mineral content, Repair bone.

Osteoclasts: Absorb old matrix ( dissolve it) and remove it, Lg, Multi Nucleate, Ruffled Border

Secretes Acid, Protein digesting enzymes, important to Homeostasis, from same stem cells that produce macrophages and moncytes.

Periosteum: Covers outer surface of bone, except joints.

outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

Canacliculi: Narrow passageways that allow for exchange of Nutrients, Wastes and gasses.

Bone Depressions: Sulcus - Narrow groove

Fossa - shallow depression

Projections where muscles and tendons and ligaments attach. Trochanter - Large Rough Projection, Crest - Prominent Ridge

Spine - Pointed Process, Line - low ridge, Tubercle - small rounded projection, Tuberosity - Rough Projection

Projections that form joints: Head - Expanded Articular end of Epiphysis, Neck - Narrow Connection between Epiphysis & Diaphysis

Facet - small flat articular surface, Condyle - Smooth round articular process, Trochlea - Smooth Grooved Process (Pully shaped)

Cortex - Compact Bone

Diploe - Spongy Bone

Osteon: Functional Unit of Compact Bone

Central Canal - Contains Blood Vessels, Perforating Canals - Perpendicular to Surface, Blood deep into bone & Marrow

Lamellae: Layers of Bone Matrix, Concentric surrounds blood vessels, Interstitial fills space between Osteons,

Circumferential lamellae is outer and inner bone surface.

Red Bone Marrow: Fills Spaces of Trabeculae, ,

Red Blood Cells Supplies nutrients to Osteocytes by diffusion

Yellow Bone Marrow: Found in Spongy Bone, Stores Fat

Weight Bearing Bone: Trabeculae in Epiphysis Femur transfers Forces from Pelvis to Compact Bone.

Medial side compresses, causes tension on lateral side.

Periosteum: Covers outside of bone (except joints), Fiberous inner/outer cellular layer,

interwoven with Tendons, perforating - incorp with Bone, increase strength,

Periosteun Function: Isolate Bone, Provides route for blood vessels

Participates in bone growth and repair

Endosteum: Incomplete cellular layer lines the Medullary

Active during bone growth, Covers Trabeculae in Spongy Bone, Lines Central Canals, flattened layer of Osteogenic Cells

Ossification: Bone Formation - Some Bones grow till age 25.

Endochondral Ossification -, Intramembranous Ossification

Calcification - Calcium Salts, Occurs during Ossification

Endochondral Ossification: How most bones form

Primary Ossification Center - Develops in Hyaline Cartilage

Endochondral Ossification Steps (7): Step One: Cartilage enlarge, Condrocytes increase in size

Shaft increases in size. Small struts form, Condrocytes die, leaving cavities in the cartilage.

Endochondral Ossification Two: Blood Vessels grow, Perichondrium converts to Osteoblasts, cartilage ensheathed superficial layer of bone

Step three: Blood vessels penetrate cartilage, Fibroblasts migrate into Osteoblasts, Produce Spongy Bone

Endochondral Ossification: Step 4: Remodeling, Medullary created, osseous tissue shaft thickens,

Cartilage near Epiphysis is replaced by shaft of bone.

Endochondral Ossification: Step 5: Capillaries and Osteoblast Migrate into Epiphysis, creates 2nd ossification center

Step 6: Epiphysis becomes filled with Spongy Bone, Epiphyseal Cartilage (Metaphysis) Separates Epiphysis from Diaphysis. Osteoblasts continue to invade cartilage and form bone.

Endochondral Ossification Step 6: Epiphyseal Cartilage Side (Condrocytes continue) Diaphysis Side they degenerate.

Osteoblasts migrate upward from Diaphysis, cartilage replaced by bone.

Endochondral Ossification Step 7: Puberty - Epiphyseal production slows, Osteoblast production increases.

Epiphyseal Closure: It slowly disappears. Helped by the Secondary Ossification Center (Epiphyseal Line on X-Rays)

Appositional Growth - growth in width. Replaces by Osteons

Osteoclasts slowly remove matrix inner bone, to form Medullary Space.

Intramembraneous Ossification: (Dermal Ossification): Mandible Bone and Clavicles

Starts in 8th week (embryo), deep dermal Bone, Mesenchymel become Osteoblasts - secrete matrix, mineralized with calcium salts

Intramembraneous Ossification 2: Osteoblasts trapped in bone matrix become osteocytes. Form small struts - Spincules

3: Blood vessels branch, grow between Spincules, Spincules trap blood vessels,

Intramembraneous Ossification 4: cont deposits of osteoblasts close to blood vessels,

5: Forms osteons like compact bone, Osteoblasts on surface become Periosteum.

Nutrient Foramina in Diaphysis allows blood vessels to enter.

Metaphyseal Vessels supply Epiphyseal Cartilage.

Periosteal Blood vessels supply superficial Osteons and secondary ossification centers

Periosteum contains Lymph Vessels and nerves

Bone Remodeling Occurs through life,

involves Osteoblast, Osteoclasts and Osteocytes.

Exercise is good, heavily stressed increase in size, Osteoblasts increased by weight training

bone degenerates quickly, 1/3 mass can be lost in a few weeks

Minerals - Calcium and phosphorus, Small Amts of magnesium

Vit D3, Calcitriol made in Kidneys, essential for calcium and phosphate.

D3 - Cholecalciferol, K and B12 for synth bone proteins

Vit C for Collagen & Osteoblast Differentiation, Vit A stimulates Osteoblast activity

Growth, Thyroxine, Estrogen and Testosterone Stimulate Bone Growth and Osteoblasts

Parathyroid and Calcitonin - maintain Calcium Ion Homeostasis, effect storage (bones), absorption(Digestive), excretion (Kidneys)

Skeleton 99% calcium in body, Most abundant Mineral in body

Calcium Ions are vital to physiological in body

Parathyroid Glands in the Neck, stimulates Osteoblasts

increase instestinal absorption (kidney), decrease excretion (kidneys)

Calcitonin - C Cells in Thyroid, decreases blood levels, Inhibits Osteoclasts, increase excretion (kidneys), decrease absorption (intestines).

Types of Fractures (9) - Traverse: straight across break. Displaced: Shaft pushed away from center, can be multi. Compression: Spine

Spiral: circular break. Epiphyseal: Epiphyseal Line. Commuted: Basically shattered. Green Stick: clean break but no separation. Coles Fracture is at the Distal end of the forearm. Pott's is at the distal end of the leg at the ankle