chapter 31 quiz Flashcards
1
Q
Tissues are
A
Collections of specialized cells of the same or a similar type that perform a common function in the body
2
Q
The four tissue types are:
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
3
Q
Epithelial Tissue (epithelium)
A
Forms a continuous layer over body surfaces
Lines body cavities
Forms glands
4
Q
Epithelial cells may be connected to one another by
A
Tight junctions
Adhesion junctions
Gap junctions
5
Q
Functions of Epithelial tissue
A
Protection Secretion Absorption Excretion Filtration
6
Q
Simple Epithelia
A
A single layer of cells
7
Q
Simple Epithelia is Classified according to cell type
A
Squamous epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium
Columnar epithelium
8
Q
Squamous epithelium
A
flattened cells
9
Q
Cuboidal epithelium
A
cubed shaped cells
10
Q
Columnar epithelium
A
cells representing columns
11
Q
Stratified Epithelia
A
Layers of cells
12
Q
Glandular Epithelia
A
Secretes a product
13
Q
gland
A
can be a single epithelial cell or can contain many cells.
14
Q
Exocrine glands
A
Secrete products into ducts or cavities
15
Q
Endocrine glands
A
Secrete products internally so they are transported into the bloodstream
16
Q
Connective tissue
A
Diverse in structure and function but all types have
Specialized cells
Ground substance – Noncellular material
Protein fibers
17
Q
Collagen fibers
A
contain collagen providing strength and flexibility
18
Q
Reticular fibers
A
contain thin, highly branched collagen fibers
19
Q
Elastic fibers
A
contain elastin, not as strong but more elastic than collagen
20
Q
connective matrix
A
ground substance plus fibers
21
Q
Three categories of connective tissue are
A
Fibrous
Supportive
Fluid
22
Q
Fibrous Connective Tissue
A
Consists of:
Fibroblast cells
A jellylike matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers
23
Q
Loose fibrous connective tissue
A
Allows organs to expand
Supports epithelium and many internal organs
Forms protective covering over internal organs
24
Q
Adipose tissue
A
Stores energy
Insulates the body and provides padding
Mostly white, but brown in newborns due to increased numbers of mitochondria
25
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Strong connective tissue
Tendons – connect muscle to bone
Ligaments – connect bones to other bones at joints
26
Supportive Connective Tissue
Cartilage
| Bone
27
Cartilage
Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrix (hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage)
Cartilage cells lie in small chambers (lacuna) in the matrix.
Cartilage lacks a direct blood supply and heals very slowly.
28
Hyaline
Consists of very fine collagen fibers
Matrix is translucent
Found in nose and ends of long bones and ribs
29
Elastic
More elastic fibers than hyaline
More flexible
Found in framework of outer ear
30
Fibrocartilage
Matrix contains strong collagen fibers
Found in structures that withstand tension and pressure
Found in pads between vertebrae in backbone
31
Bone
Most rigid connective tissue
Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers
Bone cells are located in lacunae.
Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)
32
Bone Consists of hard matrix of inorganic salts
Mostly calcium
| Provides rigidity
33
Bone Deposited around protein fibers
Especially collagen
| Provides elasticity and strength
34
Types of Bone
compact
| spongy
35
Compact bone
Makes up shaft of long bone
Consists of cylindrical units called osteons
Blood vessels in central canal carry nutrients
36
Spongy bone
Makes up ends of long bone
Contains bony bars and plates separated by air spaces
Site of red bone marrow, which produces blood cells
37
Fluids
Blood
| Lymph
38
Blood
A connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)
Red blood cells – oxygen transport
Small disk-like cells without nuclei
White blood cells – immune response
Larger than red blood cells and have a nucleus
Platelets – involved in the clotting process
Fragments of larger cells present only in bone marrow
39
Blood functions
Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes
Helps distribute heat and plays a role in fluid, ion, and pH balance
40
Lymph
A fluid connective tissue located in lymphatic vessels
| Lymphatic capillaries called lacteals absorb fat molecules from the small intestine.
41
Muscular (Contractile) Tissue
Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments
| Cells are called muscle fibers.
42
Three types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle
smooth (visceral) muscle
cardiac muscle
43
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary – Long, striated fibers, multinucleated
44
Smooth (Visceral) Muscle
Involuntary – No striations
45
cardiac muscle
Striated, but mostly involuntary
Cells are bound to each other by intercalated disks.
Have one single, centrally placed nucleus
46
What are some functions of the Nervous system?
Sensory input
Data integration
Motor output
47
Nervous Tissue
Conducts electrical impulses
Conveys information from one area to another
types: Neurons, Neuroglia
48
Neurons
Transmit information
Consist of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon
An axon and its myelin sheath, if it has one, is called a fiber.
Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers bound by connective tissue form nerves.
49
Neuroglia
```
Support and nourish neurons
Neuroglia in brain include
Microglia
Astrocytes
Glial cell-derived growth factor is being studied as a possible Parkinson disease treatment.
Oligodentrocytes
```
50
Organ
Composed of two or more tissue types working together for a particular function
51
organ system
Composed of various organs that cooperate to carry out a general process
Example: digestion of food
52
Body Cavities:
Dorsal cavity (toward the back)
Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided into
53
Dorsal cavity (toward the back)
It contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.
The brain is in the cranial cavity.
The spinal cord is in the vertebral canal.
54
Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided into
The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs),
The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs), and
The pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, female reproductive organs, certain male reproductive organs)
55
The organ systems of the human body contribute to
homeostasis
56
Importance of Homeostasis for Astronauts
The fact that astronauts need special suits to survive in space reminds us that the internal environment of our bodily functions must stay within normal limits.
Example: Enzymes function best at around 37°C
An astronaut depends on artificial systems in addition to natural systems to maintain homeostasis.
57
Examples of Homeostatic Regulation
The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis.
The digestive system
Takes in and digests food
Provides nutrient molecules that replace used nutrients.
The respiratory system
Adds oxygen to the blood
Removes carbon dioxide
The liver and the kidneys
Store excess glucose as glycogen
Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose used.
The hormone insulin regulates glycogen storage.
The kidneys
Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and salts that can affect the pH of the blood
58
Homeostatic Control
Homeostasis is, to a degree, controlled by hormones.
| But is ultimately controlled by the nervous system
59
Negative feedback
is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set value.
The sensor detects change in environment.
Regulatory center initiates an action to bring the conditions back to normal.
60
Positive feedback
is a mechanism that brings about an ever greater change in the same direction.
Childbirth process
Positive Feedback
Does not result in equilibrium
Does not occur as often as negative feedback
61
The Integumentary System
Functions of skin
Largest and most conspicuous organ system
Covers and protects underlying body regions
Regulates body temperature
Contains sensory receptors
Involved in exchange of gases with environment in small aquatic animals
Manufactures precursors to vitamin D after UV exposure
Skin and its derivatives make up the integumentary system
62
Regions of the Skin
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous Layer
63
Epidermis
Outer, thinner region
Stratified squamous epithelium
New cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed off.
Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment).
UV radiation can cause mutations in the DNA of skin cells, leading to skin cancer.
64
Dermis
```
Deeper and thicker than epidermis
Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers contains:
Receptors
Nerve fibers
Blood vessels
```
65
Subcutaneous Layer
Loose, connective tissue located below dermis, also known as hypodermis
66
Accessory Structures of Human Skin
Nails, Hair follicles, Sweat glands
67
Nails
Grow from nail root and form protective covering of distal portion of fingers and toes
68
Hair follicles
Begin in the dermis and continue through the epidermis
Contain oil glands (sebaceous glands) which secrete sebum
Lubricates the hair within the follicle as well as the skin
69
Sweat glands
Present in all regions of the skin
Begin in dermis and open either to a hair follicle or to the surface of the skin
Function to help maintain constant body temperature
