endocrine system chapter 40

Question 1

Endocrine glands

Answer 1

secrete products directly into the bloodstream, which delivers them throughout the body

Question 2

Exocrine glands

Answer 2

secrete products into ducts, which subsequently take them to lumens of other organs or outside the body

Question 3

endocrine system

Answer 3

is largely composed of glands that coordinate body activities through the secretion of hormones such as insulin.

Question 4

How do hormones influence homeostatic functions of an organism?

Answer 4

Metabolism, growth, reproduction, osmoregulation, and digestion

Question 5

How do some Some hormones control processes unique to invertebrates

Answer 5

metamorphosis
Dramatic transformation that some insects undergo while hatching from an egg, going through several molts, and maturing into adults
Several hormones control this process.

Question 6

Hormones

Answer 6

Chemical signals that influence the behavior of other individuals
A target cell for a particular hormone carries a receptor protein for that hormone.

Question 7

How do hormones work?

Answer 7

The hormone binds to the receptor protein and the target cell responds.
Example: Androgen insensitivity: An individual with XY chromosomes (chromosomally male) without receptors in body cells for testosterone appears to be a normal female

Question 8

Peptide hormones

Answer 8

Peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and modified amino acids
Most bind to receptors on the plasma membrane.
First messenger – hormone that never enters a cell

Question 9

What is epinephrine?

Answer 9

Causes quickening of the heart beat
Strengthens the force of the heart’s contraction
Opens up the airways (bronchioles) in the lungs

Question 10

how does epinephrine work?

Answer 10

The secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal gland is part of the fight-or-flight reaction.

Question 11

what is another word for epinephrine?

Answer 11

adrenaline

Question 12

Steroid hormones

Answer 12

All derive from cholesterol, a lipid.

Question 13

How do steroid hormones work?

Answer 13

They enter the cell by moving through the plasma membrane rather than binding to receptor proteins.
In nucleus, a steroid hormone binds to a nuclear or cytoplasmic receptor.
The hormone-receptor complex binds with DNA and activates genes.

Question 14

How fast do steroid hormones work?

Answer 14

Steroids act more slowly than peptides but action lasts longer.

Question 15

Pheromones

Answer 15

(released by same species that is effected)
Women living in the same household tend to have synchronized menstrual cycles due to pheromones released by a menstruating woman affecting other women’s menstrual cycles.

Question 16

hypothalamus

Answer 16

regulates internal environment in two ways.
Acts through autonomic system (part of the nervous system that supplies the internal organs)
Also controls the glandular secretions of pituitary gland

Question 17

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 17

*Produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-Controlled by negative feedback
–Effect of the hormone acts to shut down the release of the hormone
*Produces oxytocin
-Controlled by positive feedback
–Stimulus continues to bring about an effect that ever increases in intensity.
(Pushing things out of whack to eventually lead to homeostasis—examples?)

Question 18

HGH

Answer 18

Use of the drug for performance enhancement is not currently approved by the FDA

Question 19

Thyroid Gland

Answer 19

Attached to the trachea just below the larynx

Composed of a large number of follicles filled with: Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Question 20

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Answer 20

These hormones function to increase the metabolic rate by stimulating most of the body cells to metabolize at a faster rate.
Thyroid actively acquires iodine to produce T3 and T4.

Question 21

Simple goiter

Answer 21

Thyroid Abnormality

Simple goiter – poor T3 and T4 production

Question 22

Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)

Answer 22

Thyroid Abnormality

Can be iodine deficiencies in pregnant mother, genetic defects affecting production of TSH, T3 and T4 or their receptors

Question 23

Hypothyroidism

Answer 23

Immune system produces antibodies that destroy the thyroid gland
Untreated hypothyroidism results in myxedema.
Lethargy, weight loss, loss of hair, slow heart rate, lowered body temperature, thickness and puffiness of skin

Question 24

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 24

over secretion of T3 or T4
Graves disease – antibodies stimulate overproduction of T3 and T4
Exophthalmos – excessive protrusion of eyes

Question 25

Effects of Calcitonin

Answer 25

Regulates blood calcium level (in part) Calcium plays a role in both nervous conduction and muscle contraction. A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium level rises. Brings about deposit of calcium in the bones Temporarily reduces activity and number of osteoclasts When normal levels return, thyroid’s calcitonin release is inhibited.

Question 26

Adrenal Glands

Answer 26

Paired One sits atop each kidney Each consists of an outer cortex and inner medulla. Two functionally distinct glands (adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex).

Question 27

Adrenal medulla!

Answer 27

Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) into the bloodstream

Question 28

Adrenal cortex

Answer 28

Produces mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Question 29

Corticoid hormones

Answer 29

balance stress response, energy flow, body temperature, water balance, and other essential processes. 2 groups

Question 30

Two groups, the glucocorticoids and the mineralocorticoids

Answer 30

chemically control some of the most basic actions necessary to protect, nourish, and maintain the body

Question 31

Glucocorticoids-sugar levels

Answer 31

Cortisol Raises blood glucose level Promotes breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids, which are converted by the liver into glucose Promotes metabolism of fatty acids Counteracts inflammatory response Example: Cortisone, a glucocorticoid, reduces inflammation

Question 32

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 32

regulate minerals - inorganic molecules such as sodium, potassium, and hydrogen.

Question 33

Examples of Mineralocorticoids

Answer 33

Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 34

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 34

Raises blood pressure Angiotensin II constricts arterioles Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium (causing water reabsorption).

Question 35

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

Answer 35

Inhibits secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex | Causes excretion of sodium ions (natriuresis)

Question 36

Aldosterone

Answer 36

Promotes two renal functions: Absorption of sodium Excretion of potassium

Question 37

Malfunctions of the Adrenal Cortex

Answer 37

Addison disease, Cushing syndrome

Question 38

what is the pancreas made of?

Answer 38

Made up of exocrine and endocrine tissue

Question 39

Endocrine portion of the pancreas:

Answer 39

Consists of pancreatic islets | Produce and secrete

Question 40

Insulin in the pancreas

Answer 40

Secreted during high blood glucose level | Stimulates uptake of glucose by cells

Question 41

Glucagon in the pancreas

Answer 41

Secreted during low blood glucose level | Stimulates liver to break down glycogen

Question 42

Exocrine portion of the pancreas

Answer 42

Secretes enzymes and buffers into the small intestine

Question 43

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 43

Inability of the body’s cells to take up glucose as they should Causes blood glucose levels to be higher than normal Cells must rely on other sources of energy, such as fatty acids. As blood glucose levels rise, glucose, along with water, is excreted in the urine Results in frequent urination and a feeling of extreme thirst

Question 44

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 44

Pancreas does not produce enough insulin. Body turns to the metabolism of fat, which leads to the buildup of ketones in the blood (ketoacidosis). Patients must have daily insulin injections.

Question 45

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 45

Patients are typically overweight and adipose tissue produces a substance that impairs insulin receptor function. It is prevented/controlled by adhering to a low-fat diet, low-sugar diet, and exercising regularly.

Question 46

Testes

Answer 46

-Located in the scrotum Produce testosterone Secondary sex characteristics Under the influence of the gonadotropic hormones, testes release increased testosterone at puberty, stimulating growth of penis and testes.

Question 47

Ovaries

Answer 47

-Located in the pelvic cavity Produce estrogen and progesterone Secondary sex characteristics Estrogen secreted at puberty stimulates growth of uterus and vagina

Question 48

Anabolic steroids

Answer 48

mimic the effect of testosterone and can lead to very dangerous side effects

Question 49

Pineal Gland

Answer 49

Produces melatonin Involved in daily sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythms) Controlled by an internal biological clock

Question 50

Thymus Gland

Answer 50

Most active during childhood | Aids in differentiation of lymphocytes

Question 51

Leptin

Answer 51

Secreted by adipose tissue | Involved in feedback control of appetite

Question 52

Erythropoietin

Answer 52

Produced by the kidneys Stimulates production of red blood cells Athletes may practice blood doping by using EPO to increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Question 53

Prostaglandins

Answer 53

Local hormones Not distributed in blood Implicated in pain and discomfort of menstruation Aspirin reduces body temperature and controls pain because it prevents prostaglandin synthesis.