lab final

Question 1

apical meristem

Answer 1

give rise to many plants

Question 2

epidermal tissue

Answer 2

forms the outer protective covering of the plant

Question 3

ground tissue

Answer 3

fills the interior part of the plant

Question 4

vascular tissue

Answer 4

transports water and nutrients within the plant and provides support

Question 5

Vegetative organs

Answer 5

are all plant parts except reproductive structures

Question 6

three vegetative organs

Answer 6

Roots, stems, and leaves

Question 7

structures involved in reproduction

Answer 7

Flowers, seeds, and fruits

Question 8

Xylem

Answer 8

transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves (up)
transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

Question 9

Phloem

Answer 9

transports sucrose and other organic compounds from the leaves to the roots (down)
transports sucrose and other organic compounds from the leaves to the roots.

Question 10

Leaves

Answer 10

Major part of the plant that carries out photosynthesis

Question 11

Foliage leaves

Answer 11

usually broad and thin

Question 12

Blade

Answer 12

Wide portion of foliage leaf

Question 13

Petiole

Answer 13

Stalk attaching blade to stem

Question 14

deciduous

Answer 14

Plants that lose all of their leaves

Question 15

Upper and lower epidermis

Answer 15

Waxy cuticle
Trichomes
Lower epidermis has stomata for gas exchange.

Question 16

Mesophyll

Answer 16

Eudicot leaves have:
Palisade mesophyll containing elongated cells
Spongy mesophyll containing irregular cells bounded by air spaces
Contains many chloroplasts

Question 17

Leaves can be arranged on the stem as

Answer 17

alternate, opposite, or whorled.

Question 18

Blade (wide portion) of a leaf can be

Answer 18

simple or compound

Question 19

Leaves are adapted to environmental conditions

Answer 19

Shade leaves
Spines
Climbing leaves (modified tendrils)
Reduced leaves

Question 20

Stolons

Answer 20

Aboveground horizontal stems

Question 21

Rhizomes

Answer 21

Underground horizontal stems

Question 22

Primary root (taproot)

Answer 22

Fleshy, long single root, that grows straight down

Stores food

Question 23

Fibrous root system

Answer 23

Slender roots and lateral branches
Anchors plant to soil
Found in monocots

Question 24

Monocots (Single cotyledon)

Answer 24

Cotyledons act as transfer tissue.
Nutrients are derived from the endosperm.
Root vascular tissue occurs in a ring.
Leaves have a parallel venation.
Flower parts are arranged in multiples of three.

Question 25

Eudicots (Two cotyledons)

Answer 25

Cotyledons supply nutrients to seedlings. Root phloem is located between xylem arms. Leaves have a netted venation. Flower parts are arranged in multiples of four or five.

Question 26

cotyledon

Answer 26

is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon usually becomes the embryonic first leaves of a seedling.

Question 27

Tropism

Answer 27

A growth response between a plant and an external stimulus. The stimulus could be weather, touch, time, gravity or light. A positive response is indicated by growth toward a stimulus Negative response is indicated by growth away from the stimulus.

Question 28

Auxin

Answer 28

Plant growth hormone Stimulates cell elongation– a build up on surface leads to growth If on side, auxin concentration increases along the lower sides of the roots and stems of the plant. The auxin on the stem which makes the stem bend up toward the sky. Primary auxin is indoleacetic acid (IAA)

Question 29

Gravitropism

Answer 29

is a plant's growth response to gravity. Typically roots grow down into the ground, and stems and leaves grow up above the ground. If one were to place a plant on its side, it would begin to bend in an upright position. Gravitropism allows the plant to respond to gravity no matter what position the plant is in.

Question 30

Phototropism

Answer 30

is a process by which auxin on the exterior of a plant is degraded to cause a slope of the plant towards light.

Question 31

animals

Answer 31

They are heterotrophic (can not make their own food); most can move ; have a definite body plan and development

Question 32

Chordates characteristics

Answer 32

``` Domain Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordates Deuterostome development; Bilateral symmetry ``` Include vertebrates and invertebrates

Question 33

what do chordates have (4)

Answer 33

Notochord A cartilaginous rod running underneath, and supporting, the nerve cord Dorsal tubular nerve cord A bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the "back". It connects the brain with the lateral muscles and other organs. Pharyngeal pouches A series of openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the "neck". These are often, but not always, used as gills. Post anal tail An extension of the body past the anal opening. Not all characteristics are present in adults of modern chordates (these features may only be present in the embryo)

Question 34

Subphylum Tunicata

Answer 34

They inhabit shallow marine waters. Larval tunicates are free-swimming. They have all four defining chordate traits. Adult tunicates are sessile. They no longer have a notochord or post-anal tail. Example: sea squirts

Question 35

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Answer 35

They inhabit the ocean floor where the water is shallow. Lancelet larvae are free-swimming. The adults can swim but spend most of their time buried in the sand. Like tunicates, lancelets are filter feeders. They are probably similar to the earliest chordates that evolved more than 500 million years ago. They do not have a spine made out of boney vertebrae.q

Question 36

In addition to the 4 chordate characteristics, have

Answer 36

Vertebral column (made of bone or cartilage) Skull Endoskeleton Internal organs

Question 37

Vertebrate Groups

Answer 37

``` Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fishes Osteichthyes- bony fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds ```

Question 38

Mammals- 3 groups

Answer 38

monotremes; marsupials; placental

Question 39

Fungi digest their food

Answer 39

externally and absorb nutrients.

Question 40

Animals ingest (eat)

Answer 40

whole food and digest internally.

Question 41

Evolution of Body Plans

Answer 41

All the diversified body plans characteristic of animals today were present by the Cambrian period. Different combinations of numbers, positions, sizes, and patterns of body parts could have led to the great variety of animal forms in the past and present. Slight shifts in the DNA code and expression of Hox (homeotic) genes may have been responsible for the differences that arise during development.

Question 42

Symmetry

Answer 42

A pattern of similarity that is observed in objects | Three types of symmetry in animal kingdom

Question 43

Asymmetry

Answer 43

No particular body shape (e.g., sponge).

Question 44

Radial symmetry

Answer 44

Two identical halves (e.g., jellyfish) | Enables an animal to reach out in all directions from one center

Question 45

Bilateral symmetry

Answer 45

Definite right and left halves Animals tend to be active and to move forward at an anterior end The localization of the brain and sensory organs at the anterior end is called cephalization.

Question 46

What percent of the animal kingdom is made up of | invertebrates.

Answer 46

97%

Question 47

protist

Answer 47

any member of a group of diverse eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microscopic organisms. They may share certain morphological and physiological characteristics with animals or plants, or both.

Question 48

Protists are of enormous ecological importance.

Answer 48

Source of food Source of commercial products - Marine protists are source of useful substances like algin, agar, carragean and antiseptics Primary producer of aquatic ecosystem - Many protists are primary producers, they play a basic role in food cahins, providing food and oxygen. Source of medicines - Sodium laminaria sulphate, Fucoidin, Heparin are algal products used as blood coagulants. Lyngbya produces an anti-cancer compound. Pathogens - May cause many disease in man and also in fruits and vegetables it causes late blight potatoes and causes disease in some fishes.  Malaria! --Plasmodium species

Question 49

Photoautotrophic forms of protist

Answer 49

Produce oxygen Function as producers in both freshwater and saltwater ecosystems Major component of plankton Organisms that are suspended in the water Serve as food for heterotrophic protists and animals Whales, the largest animal in the sea, feed on plankton, one of the smallest.