Chapter 38: Angiosperm reproduction and biotechnology

Question 1

asexual reproduction

Answer 1

produces offspring from a single parent without the fusion of egg and sperm

Question 2

clone

Answer 2

genetically identical offspring

Question 3

fragmentation

Answer 3

severed parent plant leads to two individuals

Question 4

adventitious shoots

Answer 4

form of asexual reproduction (aspen)

Question 5

apomixis

Answer 5

seeds produced by mitosis without fertilization

Question 6

advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 6

doesn’t require another individual, no frail seedling, pass on exact genetic info

Question 7

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 7

pass on exact genetic info

Question 8

selfing

Answer 8

sexual reproduction within a single plant; self-fertilization. Same disadvantages as asexual

Question 9

dioecious

Answer 9

plants are one sex or the other

Question 10

totipotent

Answer 10

meristematic cells that are able to divide and differentiate to form a new plant

Question 11

callus

Answer 11

clump of totipotent cells

Question 12

grafting

Answer 12

physically combining two plants

Question 13

stock

Answer 13

plant that provides root

Question 14

scion

Answer 14

plant grafted onto the scion

Question 15

flowers

Answer 15

reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte

Question 16

receptacle

Answer 16

where flowers attach to stem

Question 17

sepals

Answer 17

outermost ring, usually green; sterile

Question 18

petals

Answer 18

attract pollinators; sterile

Question 19

stamens

Answer 19

male flower parts (microsporophyll); fertile

Question 20

carpels

Answer 20

female flower parts (megasporophyll); fertile

Question 21

anthers

Answer 21

part of stamen (on filaments) that contains microsporangia (pollen sacs) that produce pollen

Question 22

stigma

Answer 22

sticky part of carpel that captures pollen

Question 23

style

Answer 23

connects stigma to ovary

Question 24

pistil

Answer 24

carpel or group of fused carpels

Question 25

complete flower

Answer 25

all 4 floral organs

Question 26

incomplete flower

Answer 26

<4 floral organs

Question 27

pollination

Answer 27

transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma; wind, water, animals

Question 28

pollination syndrome

Answer 28

characters developed by plants related to pollinators

Question 29

coevolution

Answer 29

joint evolution of two or more interacting species in response to selection imposed by each other; plants and pollinators

Question 30

pollen grain

Answer 30

(n) microspore divided into generative cell, tube cell, and spore wall

Question 31

microspore

Answer 31

(n) make pollen, derived from microsporocytes

Question 32

microsporocyte

Answer 32

(2n) each make 4 microspore

Question 33

microsporangia

Answer 33

pollen sacs; 4 per anther

Question 34

ovary

Answer 34

ovules with megasporangium

Question 35

megaspore

Answer 35

(n) of the 4 megaspores made by the megasporocyte, 1 survives; nucleus divides 3x creating 8 nuclei

Question 36

megasporocyte

Answer 36

(2n) makes 4 megapores

Question 37

8 nuclei of megaspore

Answer 37

3: micropyle- egg + 2 synergids 3: antipodal cells- other end of the ovule from micropyle 2: polar nuclei (without membrane)

Question 38

double fertilization

Answer 38

pollen grain contacts stigma, tube cell forms a pollen tubes that grows down the style. generative cell divides into two sperm: 1 fertilizes the egg (zygote 2n), 1 fertilizes the polar nuclei (endosperm 3n)

Question 39

benefit of double fertilization to parent

Answer 39

doesn't have to waste nutrients on unfertilized eggs

Question 40

benefit of double fertilization to seed

Answer 40

provides endosperm of nutrients

Question 41

embryonic development

Answer 41

occurs in the seed; zygote becomes embryo, asymmetrical division of basal cell and terminal cell: larger basal cell becomes suspensor and smaller terminal cell becomes proembryo, cotyledons develop

Question 42

hypotcotyl

Answer 42

eudicot cotyledon; lower part connects to radicle (embryonic root)

Question 43

epicotyl

Answer 43

eudicot cotyledon; upper part, immature roots (embryonic shoot)

Question 44

scutellum

Answer 44

cotyledon of monocots

Question 45

coleoptile

Answer 45

sheath surrounding embryonic shoot of monocot

Question 46

coleorhiza

Answer 46

protects embryonic root of monocots

Question 47

last stage of seed development

Answer 47

seed ejects most of its water and closes the micropyle, allowing it to remain dormant until ideal conditions

Question 48

imbibition

Answer 48

uptake of water that begins germination; expansion causes seed coat to rupture

Question 49

eudicot germination

Answer 49

radical emerges first, followed by the hypocotyl, then epicotyl

Question 50

monocot germination

Answer 50

coleoptile protects shoot and leads the way up

Question 51

fruit development

Answer 51

simultaneous with seed; triggered by double fertilization

Question 52

pericarp

Answer 52

developed ovary wall

Question 53

simple fruit

Answer 53

single carpel

Question 54

aggregate frut

Answer 54

multiple carpels of one flower

Question 55

multiple fruit

Answer 55

multiple flowers

Question 56

accessory fruit

Answer 56

other flower parts incorporated into fruit

Question 57

abiotic dispersal

Answer 57

wind and water

Question 58

biotic dispersal

Answer 58

animals

Question 59

crossbreeding

Answer 59

favorable traits crossed between wild type and domestic variety

Question 60

GMO

Answer 60

genetically modified organisms; natural or intentional

Question 61

CRISPR

Answer 61

technology used to directly transfer genes of plants

Question 62

biofortification

Answer 62

improve the nutritional quality of plants

Question 63

biofuel

Answer 63

fuels derived from living biomass