Chapters 52-53: Introduction to Ecology and Populations

Question 1

populations

Answer 1

groups of the individuals of the same species

Question 2

communities

Answer 2

groups of populations

Question 3

ecosystems

Answer 3

groups of communities

Question 4

landscapes

Answer 4

groups of ecosystems

Question 5

biosphere

Answer 5

the Earth

Question 6

evolutionary time

Answer 6

populations change to adapt to their environments

Question 7

ecological time

Answer 7

response of organisms, populations, etc. to their environments

Question 8

organismal ecology

Answer 8

focuses on how the organism reacts to environment

Question 9

population ecology

Answer 9

focuses on how and why populations changes over time

Question 10

community ecology

Answer 10

focuses on interactions between species and their populations

Question 11

ecosystem ecology

Answer 11

focuses on energy/nutrient flow between communities and their environment (emergent properties)

Question 12

landscape ecology

Answer 12

focuses on changes in energy, nutrients, and organisms across ecosystems

Question 13

global ecology

Answer 13

focuses on how components of the biosphere interact to influence global change

Question 14

factors that determine distributions

Answer 14

dispersal, behavior, biotic, abiotic

Question 15

biotic

Answer 15

other living things; predators, prey, pathogens, competitors, etc

Question 16

abiotic

Answer 16

physical factors; temperature, light, water, etc.

Question 17

dispersal

Answer 17

movement of individuals to new areas

Question 18

habitat selection

Answer 18

may choose to avoid a livable habitat; psychological barrier

Question 19

species distributions limited by other species

Answer 19

food, host, pollinator is missing; predator, parasite, competitor is present

Question 20

abiotic factors (physiological tolerances)

Answer 20

temperature, water (limit or excess), sunlight, geology

Question 21

climate

Answer 21

long prevailing weather conditions

Question 22

broad climatic patterns

Answer 22

curved surface of earth, tilted axis, pattern of heating/evaporation, rotation of the earth

Question 23

local variations in climate

Answer 23

proximity to water, mountain effects (rain shadow), altitude and temperature, seasonality

Question 24

biomes

Answer 24

major habitat types, determined by both biotic and abiotic factors

Question 25

ecotones

Answer 25

areas of transition between biomes

Question 26

disturbance

Answer 26

leads to community variation, patchiness; e.g. fire, hurricanes

Question 27

aquatic biomes

Answer 27

freshwater, marine, pelagic (open water), benthic (bottom)

Question 28

photic v. aphotic

Answer 28

areas with and without light that allow photosynthesis to occur

Question 29

major abiotic drivers

Answer 29

precipitation and temperature

Question 30

biome overlap

Answer 30

overlapping characters may mean that averages do not indicate they type of biome present; disturbance is a major factor

Question 31

population features

Answer 31

conspecific individuals occurring in a particular area; same environment, resources, and interact/breed with each other

Question 32

gain individuals

Answer 32

births and immigration (arriving)

Question 33

lose individuals

Answer 33

deaths and emigration (leaving)

Question 34

characteristics to describe populations

Answer 34

density, dispersion, and demographics

Question 35

density

Answer 35

number of individuals per unit area

Question 36

mark-recapture method

Answer 36

method to estimate size/density of a population

Question 37

dispersion

Answer 37

pattern of spacing among individuals

Question 38

clumped

Answer 38

aggregated in patches; attracted to resources

Question 39

uniform

Answer 39

evenly spaced; repulsed by each other, as with territories

Question 40

random

Answer 40

independent of other individuals

Question 41

demographics

Answer 41

age and sex-structure of the population

Question 42

life table

Answer 42

age-specific summaries of survival in population; constructed by following a single cohort from birth to death

Question 43

cohort

Answer 43

the group of individuals all born together that are studied

Question 44

survivorship curve

Answer 44

number alive plotted v. each age; know type I, type II, type III

Question 45

life history

Answer 45

pattern of reproduction and survival

Question 46

reproductive table

Answer 46

fertility schedule; follow reproductive output of cohort

Question 47

iteroparity

Answer 47

repeated reproduction; multiple reproductive periods

Question 48

semelparity

Answer 48

all reproduction concentrated in a single effort

Question 49

trade-offs

Answer 49

can't maximize all reproductive patterns at the same time; eg. more offspring means smaller offspring with less care