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Bio 116 > Chapter 46: Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 46: Reproduction Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

new individuals w/out sex; cloning

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

fusion of haploid gametes to form diploid zygote

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3
Q

internal fertilization

A

gametes meet in female reproductive tract

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4
Q

external fertilization

A

gametes meet outside body; can only take place in aquatic environments

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5
Q

fission

A

one individual splits into two of similar size

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6
Q

budding

A

one individual splits into two of similar size

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7
Q

fragmentation

A

breakage, followed by regeneration

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8
Q

parthenogenesis

A

offspring develop from unfertilized eggs

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9
Q

asexual reproduction benefits and losses

A

benefits: favored in stable environments
losses: not as adaptable to changing environments

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10
Q

hermaphrodites

A

species have both male and female gonads

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11
Q

gonochoristic

A

male and female species have different gonads

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12
Q

spawning

A

both sperm and eggs released to water

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13
Q

benefits of internal fertilization

A

prevents gametes from drying out; allows for terrestrial reproduction

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14
Q

gametogenesis

A

production of gametes

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15
Q

oogenesis

A

production of female gametes (ovum)

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16
Q

spermatogenesis

A

production of male gametes (sperm)

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17
Q

differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A
  1. number of gametes formed by meiosis
  2. timing of meiotic divisions
  3. pace of meiotic divisions
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18
Q

penis

A

male sex organ; urethra and erectile tissue

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19
Q

baculum

A

bone to maintain rigidity in the penis of some mammals

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20
Q

scrotum

A

contains testes outside of the body (lower temp)

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21
Q

testes

A

composed of highly coiled seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperm

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23
Q

epididymis

A

highly coiled tube where sperm mature

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24
Q

ejaculation

A

process of getting sperm from the inside to the outside

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25
path of sperm to outside the body
epididymis to muscular vas deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra
26
semen
sperm mixed with the products from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
27
steps of spermatogonium
diploid stem cells within testes to primary spermatocytes (2n) to secondary spermatocytes (n x 2) to spermatids (n x 4) to sperm cells (n x 4)
28
GnRH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone; released from hypothalamus. stimulates pituarty to release LH and FSH
29
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone from pituitary; tropic hormone
30
LH
luteinizing hormone from pituitary gland; tropic hormone
31
androgens
produced in male gonads like testosterone
32
estrogens
produced in female gonads, like estradiol and progesterone
33
hormonal control of spermatogenesis
GnRH leads to release of FSH and LH; FSH acts on sertoli cells to nourish developing sperm, LH acts on leydig cells to promote spermatogenesis
34
ovaries
female gonads; where ovum are produced
35
oocytes
partially developed eggs; 1-2 million follicles at birth but only about 500 mature
36
ovulation
release of ovum
37
corpus luteum
follicle becomes corpus luteum after ovulation; degrades without fertilization
38
oviducts
fallopian tubes, leads to uterus
39
uterus
womb; where egg implants after fertilization
40
endometrium
lining of uterus; many blood vessels to support developing fetus
41
vagina
muscular elastic chamber opens to the outside at the vulva
42
vulva
female external genitalia
43
labia majora
enclose the rest of vulva
44
labia minora
enclose cavity with vaginal opening and urethra
45
clitoris
located at top of labia minora, consists of erectile tissue
46
steps of oogenesis
oogonium (diploid stem cell) to primary oocyte (2n) to secondary oocyte (n + polar body) to fertilized egg (2n + polar body
47
fertilized egg
ovulation + sperm develops into 2n zygote
48
ovarian cycle
about 28 days, produces ovum. under control of same hormones as spermatogenesis
49
follicular phase (ovarian cycle)
growing follicle secretes increased estradiol
50
ovulation
maturing follicle ruptures and released secondary oocyte
51
luteal phase
follows ovulation; LH stimulates development of corpus luteum, secretion of estradiol and progesterone
52
menstrual cycle
prepares the uterus to support a fetus
53
proliferative phase of menstrual cycle
estradiol from follicles causes endometrium to thicken
54
secretory phase
after ovulation, estrogens stimulate development of uterine lining, including arteries and glands
55
menstrual flow phase
corpus luteum disintegrates, hormone levels drop and endometrium degrades, releasing blood
56
menopause
ovarian and uterine cycles end
57
24 hours past fertilization
first cleavage
58
2-3 days past fertilization
zygote reaches uterus
59
1 week past fertilization
blastocyst implants in endometrium
60
2-3 weeks past fertilization
embryo gets nutrients directly from endometrium
61
hCG
embryo produces hCG, can be detected in mother's urine
62
pregnancy
one or more embryos in the uterus
63
placenta
forms from embryonic and maternal tissue; blood vessels from both exchange nutrients, gases, wastes, etc.
64
organogenesis
formation of organs; after 8 weeks of organogenesis embryo termed a fetus
65
labor
childbirth; led from interactions between estradiol, oxytocin and prostaglandins; dilation of the cervix and contractions of the uterus

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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