Chapter 44/45: Osmoregulation, Excretion, & the Endocrine System

Question 1

osmoregulation

Answer 1

maintenance of concentration of solutes in body fluids

Question 2

osmosis

Answer 2

movement of water from low solute to high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 3

osmolarity

Answer 3

measure of osmotic pressure

Question 4

hyperosmotic

Answer 4

net flow of water into cell

Question 5

isoosmotic

Answer 5

no net water movement, osmotic balance

Question 6

hypoosmotic

Answer 6

net flow of water out of cell

Question 7

osmoconformer

Answer 7

body fluid becomes isoosmotic with environment

Question 8

osmoregulatory

Answer 8

body fluid is regulated

Question 9

stenohaline

Answer 9

organisms that tolerate a narrow range of salinity

Question 10

euryhaline

Answer 10

organisms that can tolerate a wide range of salinity

Question 11

marine fish osmoregulation

Answer 11

water lost by osmosis to environment; must drink lots of sea water

Question 12

freshwater fish osmoregulation

Answer 12

water gained by osmosis from environment; excretion of water from kidneys

Question 13

terrestrial animals osmoregulation

Answer 13

dehydration is the main concern, adaptions to retain water

Question 14

ammonia (NH3)

Answer 14

nitrogen waste from protein/nucleic acid that is highly toxic but highly soluble; aquatic organism can let it diffuse from body surface

Question 15

urea

Answer 15

many vertebrates convert NH3 to urea; lower toxicity, can be concentrated to conserve water; costly to produce

Question 16

uric acid

Answer 16

reptiles and terrestrial invertebrates can convert NH3 to uric acid; lower toxicity, insoluble- precipitates as a solid; very costly to produce

Question 17

urine

Answer 17

fluid waste produced through 4 step process: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

Question 18

filtration

Answer 18

body fluid forced thru semi-permeable membrane; water and ions pass, proteins do not

Question 19

reabsorption

Answer 19

water and ions are selectively taken back

Question 20

secretion

Answer 20

wastes, etc, actively added to filtrate

Question 21

excretion

Answer 21

remaining filtrate (urine) leaves the body

Question 22

protonephridia

Answer 22

beating cilia draw body fluid into tubules of flatworms

Question 23

metanephridia

Answer 23

tube connects coelom to outside of annelids

Question 24

malpighian tubules

Answer 24

blind tubes connected to gut of insects

Question 25

path of fluid from blood to the outside

Answer 25

blood serves each kidney by renal artery and renal vein, fluid leaves by ureter which drains to common urinary bladder, urinary bladder empties via urethra (controlled by sphincter muscles)

Question 26

renal cortex

Answer 26

outer part of kidney

Question 27

renal medulla

Answer 27

inner part of kidney

Question 28

nephron

Answer 28

functional unit of the kidney

Question 29

bowman's capsule

Answer 29

beginning part of nephron

Question 30

glomerulus

Answer 30

cluster of capillaries surrounding bowman's capsule

Question 31

path of filtrate within nephron

Answer 31

bowman's capsule→proximal tubule→loop of henle→distal tubule→collecting duct→renal pelvic→ureter

Question 32

afferent and efferent arterioles

Answer 32

from renal artery to and from glomerulus

Question 33

peritubular capillaries

Answer 33

capillaries around tubules

Question 34

vasa recta

Answer 34

circulatory system associated with loop of henle

Question 35

proximal tubule reabsorption

Answer 35

first stage of concentration of wastes; active reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, K+

Question 36

descending loop of henle reabsorption

Answer 36

permeable to water but not salts, further concentration of filtrate

Question 37

ascending loop of henle reabsorption

Answer 37

reabsorption of NaCl; permeable to NaCl but not water

Question 38

distal tubule reabsorption

Answer 38

regulates NaCl out, K+ in

Question 39

collecting duct reabsorption

Answer 39

further concentrates filtrate

Question 40

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 40

hormone released in response to high blood osmolarity to increase reabsorption

Question 41

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Answer 41

hormone that maintains blood flow

Question 42

hormones

Answer 42

basic system for regulating the body; involved in growth, development, homeostasis, etc.

Question 43

endocrine system

Answer 43

hormones circulate in blood/hemolymph and activate target cells

Question 44

paracrine and autocrine regulators

Answer 44

secrete molecules that act over short distances, local regulators

Question 45

nervous system

Answer 45

network of neurons transmit signals to other cells (neurotransmitters)

Question 46

pheromones

Answer 46

chemicals released outside the body to affect another organism (communication using hormones)

Question 47

polypeptide hormones

Answer 47

proteins, water soluble

Question 48

steroid hormones

Answer 48

lipids derived from cholesterol; lipid-soluble

Question 49

amine hormones

Answer 49

synthesized from amino acids; solubility varies

Question 50

water-soluble hormones

Answer 50

receptors in the plasma membrane that initiate signal transduction and response

Question 51

lipid-soluble hormone

Answer 51

receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm; interacts directly with DNA

Question 52

hormone effects

Answer 52

circulate widely but only affect target cells with receptors that can bind that hormone

Question 53

antagonistic pairs

Answer 53

various stimuli lead to secretions that pair in negative feedback loops, ie. insulin and glucagon

Question 54

neuroendocrine pathway

Answer 54

coordination of endocrine and nervous systems

Question 55

hypothalamus

Answer 55

endocrine gland in the brain, important for nervous/endocrine coordination

Question 56

pituitary gland

Answer 56

2 glands fused together that receive neurosecretory signals from hypothalamus

Question 57

posterior pituitary

Answer 57

stores two hormones from hypothalamus, ADH and oxytocin

Question 58

anterior pituitary

Answer 58

makes several hormones that are released upon stimulation from hypothalamus, some tropic hormones

Question 59

adrenal cortex and medulla

Answer 59

adrenal glands on kidneys

Question 60

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 60

released from adrenal medulla in response to stress; prepare body for short term excitement

Question 61

mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Answer 61

main types of steroids for long term stress response