CHAPTER 4 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
how our brains process and react to the informqation
A
cognition
2
Q
Dual-coding theory
A
both verbal and visual are used to process and store information
3
Q
Information processing model 4 components
A
- Thinking requires sensation, encoding and storage of stimuli
- stimuli must be anaylzed by the brain to make a decision
- Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems
- problem solving is dependent not only on the persons cognitive level, but also on the context and complexity of the problem
4
Q
Development of ones ability to think and solve problems
A
cognitive development
5
Q
4 stages of Piagets stages of cognitive developemen
A
sensorimotor
preopertional
concentrete operational
formal operational
6
Q
sensorimotor stage
A
0-2 years
object permanence
manipulating environment
7
Q
object permanence
A
objects exist even when out of view
8
Q
Schema
A
describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them
9
Q
How is information processed
A
adaptation
10
Q
two types of adaptation
A
assimilation and accommodation
11
Q
process of classifying new information into existing schemata
A
assimilation
12
Q
process by which existing schemaa are modfied to encompass their new information
A
accommodation
13
Q
repetition of a body movement that originally occurred by chance
ie sucking thumb
A
primary circular reactions
14
Q
manipulation is focused on something outside the body
A
secondary circular reactions
15
Q
objects exist even when out of view
A
object permenance
16
Q
representational thought
A
child has begun to create mental representations of external objects and events
17
Q
preopertional stage
A
2-7 years
- symbolic thinking
- Egocentrism
- Centration
18
Q
symbolic thinking
A
ability to pretend, play make-believe and have imagination
19
Q
Egocentrism
A
refers to the inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
20
Q
Centration
A
the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation at one time
21
Q
The concrete operational stage
A
7-11 years
understands conservation and consider the perspectives of others
logical thought
can not think abstractly
22
Q
The formal operational stage
A
Logic thinking about abstract though
23
Q
Lev Vygotsky
A
proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is the child internalization of his or her culture
24
Q
Fluid intellifence
A
problem solving
early adulthood
25
Crystilized intelligence
learned skills and knowledge
| middle adulthood
26
Dementia
impaired memory
27
Delirium
rapid flluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and cause by medical causes
28
Mental set
tendency to approach similar problems in the same way
29
Functional fixedness
inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
30
Trial and Error
various solutions are tried until one is found that works
31
Algorithm
formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem
32
Deductive reasoning
deriving conclusions from general rules
33
Inductive reasoning
deriving generalizations from evidence
34
Heuristics
shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions
35
Availability heuristic
when we try to decide how likely something is
36
Representativeness heuristic
involves categorizing items on a basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical or representative image of the cateogroy
37
Base Rate fallacy
using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information
38
using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information
Base Rate fallacy
39
When a potential solution to a problem fails and should be discarded
disconfirmation principle
40
Confirmation bias
tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them
41
overconfidence
tendency to erroneously interpret one's decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible
42
Belief perseverance
inability to reject a particular belief depsite clear evidence to the contrary
43
Intuition
ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by evidence but that a person "feels" is correct
44
Recognition-primed decision model
model of how people make quick, effective decisions when faced with complex situations
45
Emotion
the subjective experience of a person's sitution
46
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
47
One's level of awareness of the world and one's existence within that world
Consciousness
48
Alertness
consiousness in which we are awale and able to think
| cortisol levels tend to be higher
49
How is Alertness maintained
neurological circuits in the prefrontal cortex which communicate with the reticular formation
50
EEG
electrical patterns in brain during sleep
51
Beta wave
high frequency when the person is alert and attending to a mental task that requires concentration
52
Alpha wave
awake but relaxing with our eyes closed, slower than beta waves
53
Stage 1 waves
theta waves
54
theta waves
irregular waveforms with slower frequencies and high voltages
55
Stage 2 waves
theta waves w/spindles and K complexes
56
Stage 3/4 sleep
slow wave sleep
cognitive recovery and memory consolidation
growth hormone release
57
Stage 3/4 waves
delta waves
58
delta waves
low-frequency high voltage
59
NREM
stages 1-4
60
REM
arousal levels reach that wakefulness, but muscles are paralyzed
- paradoxical sleep
61
Circadian Rhythms
daily cycle of waking and sleeping regulated by internally generated rhythms
62
Sleepiness is due to
melatonin
63
melatonin
seritonin-derived hormone from the pineal gland
64
Cortisol
steriod hormone produced in adrenal cortex
related to sleep-wake cycle
light causes release of CRF --> ACTH --> cortisol
65
Dyssomias
difficult to fall asleep, stay awake
66
Parasommiaas
abnormal movements during sleep
67
Insomnia
diffulcult falling asleep
68
Narcolepsy
lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep
69
Cataplexy
symptom of narcolepsy
| loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours
70
Sleep Apnea
inability to breathe during sleep
71
Sleep paralysis
unable to move despite being awake
72
Night terrors
periods of intense anxiety that occur during slow-wave sleep
73
Hypnosis
state of consciousness in which individuals appear to be in control but are in a highly suggestible state
74
Meditation
quieting of the mind to relief anxiety
75
Depresants
reduce nervous system activity
| - relaxation and reduced anxiety
76
Alcohol affect on brain
increases activitiy of the GABA receptors, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane
increase dopamine levels
77
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
defiecency of thiamine and characterized by severe memory impairment with changes in mental status and loss of motor skills
78
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
increase GABA
| anti anxiety medication
79
Stimulants
increase in arousal in the nervous system
| increase frenecy of AP
80
Amphetamines
increased arousal by increasing release of dopamine, NE and serotonin
81
Cocaine
dedcreases reuptake of dopamine, NE, E
82
Opiates and Opiods
naturally occurring - opiates
semisynthetic compounds- opioids
bind to opioid receptors in PNS and CNS causing decreased reaction to pain and sense of euphoria
83
Hallucinogens
distortion of reality and introspection
84
Drug addiction pathway
mesolimbic reward pathway
nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and medial forebrain bundle
85
Attention
concentrating on one aspect of the sensory enviroment
86
Selective attention
focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli
87
Cocktail party phenomenon
filter that allows us to focus of one while allowing other stimuli to be processed in the background
- selective attnetion
88
Divided attention
ability to preform multiple tasks agt the same time
89
Components of language
phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics
90
phonology
refers to the actual sound of the speech
91
morphology
refers to the building blocks of words
92
semantics
refers to the meaning of words
93
syntax
refers to the rules dicting word order
94
pragmatics
refers to the chnages in language delivery depending on context
95
The nativist biological theory of language
langauge aquisitions as being innate and controlled by the language acquisition device (LAD_
96
The learning behaviourist theory of language
language acquisitions as being controlled by operant conditions and reinforcement by parents and caregivers
97
The social interactionist theory of language
language acquisitions as being cause by a motivation to communicate and interact with others
98
Linguistic relativity (whorfian) hypothesis
lens through which we view and intrepet the world is created by language
99
Brocos Area
located in inferior frontal hyrus of the frontal lobe, controls the motor function of speech via connections with the motor cortex
100
Brocos aphasia
reduced or absent ability to produce spoken language
101
Wernikes area
superior temporal gyrus of the temperol lobe, responsible for language comprehension
102
Arcuate fasciculus
bundle of axons that allows appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production
103
aphasia
deficit of language production or comprehension
104
Wernicke's aphasia
motor production and fluency of speech is retained but speech comprehension is lost
105
conduction aphasia
due to Arcuate fasciculus being affected
inability to repeat something that has been said
- rare
106
sleep cycle pathway
1-2-3-4-3-2-REM-1
