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intro to psych > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Devices that convert one kind of energy into another

A

transducers

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2
Q

The primary function of the sensory organs - our eyes, ears, tongue, nose, and skin, is to act as biological ____

A

transducers

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3
Q

Conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system; also a sensory impression

A

sensation

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4
Q

The eyes convert light energy, the ears translate mechanical energy from sounds, and the nose and tongue translate chemical energy from odors and foods. Information arriving at the brain from the sense organs creates ___ _____

A

sensory impressions

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5
Q

the physical properties of stimuli (such as sound waves, light waves, or chemical molecules in food) are measured and related to the resulting experiences that our brain constructs (such as the loudness of a sound, the brightness of a light, or the sweetness of a piece of cheesecake). (objective to subjective).

A

Psychophysics

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6
Q

minimum amount of physical energy that can be detected 50 percent of the time

A

absolute threshold

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7
Q

minimum difference in physical energy between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time

the difference must be sufficiently large to be noticed

A

difference thresholds

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8
Q

Example of ____: If you were to put one extra grain of sugar in your coffee, would you notice a difference in its taste? How much would it take? A few grains? A half-spoonful? A spoonful?

A

difference threshold

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9
Q

What are the four ways sensory selection takes place:

A
  • Lack of specific transducers
  • Restricted range of transducers
  • sensory adaption
  • feature detection
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10
Q

energy above a specific minimum intensity is necessary for a sensory impression to arise

A

absolute threshold

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11
Q

sensory receptors do not transduce all the energies that they encounter

A

lack of SPECIFIC transducers

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12
Q

sense receptors transduce only part of their target energy range

A

restricted range of transducers

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13
Q

sense receptors transduce only part of their target energy range

A

sensory adaption

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14
Q

senses reduce the flow of sensory input by dividing the world into basic stimulus patterns

A

feature detection

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15
Q

a decrease over time in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus

A

sensory adaption

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16
Q

basic attributes of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, edges, or colors - or basic stimulus patterns

A

perpetual features

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17
Q

is a cell, or a collection of cells, in the cerebral cortex that responds to a specific attribute of an object.

A

feature detector

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18
Q

sensory receptors are biological ______, or devices for converting one type of energy to another

A

transducers

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19
Q

As time passes, nerve endings in the skin under your clothes send fewer signals to the brain and you become unable to feel your clothes. This process is called.

A

sensory adaption

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20
Q

Brain cells that respond to a specific attribute of an object are known as feature _____.

A

detectors

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21
Q

Our ability to focus on specific sensory input

A

Selective attention

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22
Q

attentional resources are divided between stimuli. Not possible to do multiple things at one time when focus is required.

A

Multitasking

23
Q

moving attention rapidly between each stimuli

A

task-switching

24
Q

Four factors that influence selective attention:

A
  • Intensity
  • Contrast
  • Personal Importance
  • Goals
25
Q

Very ____ stimuli COMMAND attention – we naturally focus on stimuli that are brighter, louder, larger, or sharper

A

Intense (factor = INTENSITY)

26
Q

Frequently related to a STARK change in stimulation

A

Contrast

27
Q

Example: Standing in a crowded room, but still hearing your own name, auditory stimuli are referred to as the cocktail party effect.

Humans are primed to divert attention towards things that are of importance to us.

A

Personal Importance

28
Q
  • attention can be purposefully directed in ways that allow us to meet our goals
A

Goals

29
Q

a failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

30
Q

a failure to notice that the background is changing because attention is focused elsewhere

A

change blindness

31
Q

our attention is narrowly focused while we attempt to address a goal

we often miss things we aren’t expecting and aren’t looking for

A

Goal Driven Attention

32
Q

The process by which attention is withdrawn from the physical environment to focus on internal events

or

the tendency for our attention to stray to things that are internal, unrelated to stimuli in the environment

A

mind-wandering

33
Q

Which of the following influence selective attention?
- goals
- personal relevance
- intensity
-all of the above

A

All of the above

34
Q

Inattentional blindness refers to a situation in which

A

you fail to see a stimulus because your attention is directed toward something else

35
Q

selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

A

perception

36
Q

a misleading or mids-constructed perception

distorted perceptions of stimuli that actually exist

A

illusion

37
Q

Perception with no basis in reality

people perceive objects or events that have no external reality

A

Hallucination

38
Q

a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory system creates perceptual experiences in another sensory system

A

synesthesia

39
Q

involves a loss of contact with shared views of reality: delusions, hallucinations

A

psychoses

40
Q

moment by moment, our perceptions are typically constructed in both a ____ and ___ fashion

A

bottom-up and top-down

41
Q

-starts with sensory impressions
- Organize perceptions by beginning with low-level features
- Put together small pieces to build a complete perception
“What am I seeing?

A

Bottom-up Processing

42
Q
  • Prior knowledge and experience provide a guide to perception of meaningful wholes
  • Most apparent for ambiguous stimuli
    “Is that something I have seen before?”
A

Top-Down Processing

43
Q

Organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a plainer background.

A

Figure-ground organization

44
Q

For most people, sensory organs transduce information in the same way

perceptual similarities due to ___

A

Transduction

45
Q

Many perceptual experiences are the same because of perceptual constancies developed over years of experience

perceptual similarities due to ___

A

Experience

46
Q

The principle that the perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in its retinal image

A

Shape constancy

47
Q

The principle that the perceived size of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image

A

Size constancy

48
Q

The principle that the apparent (or relative) brightness of objects remains the same so long as they are illuminated by the same amount of light

A

Brightness Constancy

49
Q

ability to see space and accurately judge distances allows us to construct 3D experience

A

Depth perception

50
Q

In a ___, the brain misinterprets information sent from the senses; in a __, people perceive sensory events that have no basis in reality

A

illusions, hallucination

51
Q

sensory input: photoreceptors-visual spectrum of light

transducer:
sensory output:

A

eye-retina
Vision

52
Q

sensory input: air conduction, fluid conduction

transducer:
Sensory output:

A

ear-ear drum and cochlear

audition

53
Q

Sensory input: specific airborne chemicals.

transducer:
sensory output:

A

nose-specialized receptors

smell

54
Q
A

intro to psych (10 decks)

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