Chapter 4

Question 1

What did Brown discover?

Answer 1

The nucleus of cells

Question 2

What did Matthais Schleiden say?

Answer 2

That plants are composed of cells

Question 3

What did schwann find?

Answer 3

That all animals are composed of cells

Question 4

What is a cell?

Answer 4

It is the smallest unit of living matter

Question 5

What did Vrichow discover?

Answer 5

He viewed the human body as a state where each cell is a citizen

Question 6

What is the cell theory?

Answer 6

1) All organisms are composed of cells
2) cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms
3) Cells come only from preexisting cells because they are self reproducing

Question 7

Why do cells need to be so small?

Answer 7

They need to maintain the surface area to volume ratio. Small cells have an adequate surface area for materials exchange

Question 8

What two types of cells are there?

Answer 8

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Question 9

What is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 9

They are named like this because they lack a membrane bounded nucleus

Question 10

What are the two different types of prokaryotes?

Answer 10

Archaea and Bacteria

Question 11

List/Describe the four types of bacteria

Answer 11

• Rod shaped=Bacillus
• Spherical shaped=Coccus
• Long and twisted into spirals=Spirrilla (Rigid ones) or Spirochetes (Flexible)

Question 12

What does the cell envelop include? (In bacteria)

Answer 12

The plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx

Question 13

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 13

It is the phospholipid bilayer with proteins that has the important function of regulating the entrance and exit of substances into/outo of the cytoplasm

Question 14

In prokaryotes, what does the plasma membrane form?

Answer 14

Mesosomes

Question 15

What are mesosomes?

Answer 15

They increase the internal surface area for the attachment of enzymes that

Question 16

What does the cell wall in bacteria do?

Answer 16

It maintains the shape of the cell, even if the cytoplasm should take up an abundance of water. The cell wall in bacteria is strengthened by peptitoglycan

Question 17

What does teh glycocalyx?

Answer 17

It is a layer of polysaccharides lying outside the cell wall in some bacteria. It can be easily washed off

Question 18

When the glycocalyx is washed off, what part results?

Answer 18

Capsule. It is a slime layer that ultimately helps to attach to any surface as well as helps the immune system

Question 19

What is teh cytoplasm?

Answer 19

IT is a semifluid solution that is composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasmma membrane

Question 20

What kinds of organic molecules are present in the cytoplasm?

Answer 20

Enzymes to help speed up chemical reactions

Question 21

Where is the DNA of a prokaryote found?

Answer 21

In a chromosome that coils up and is located in a region called the nucleoid

Question 22

What is a plasmid?

Answer 22

They are extrachromosomal pieces of DNA that a bacteria has

Question 23

Where is the protein for bacterial DNA syntehsized?

Answer 23

On ribosomes

Question 24

What are the inclusion bodies, found in cytoplasm?

Answer 24

They store granules of various substances. Some are nutrients that can be broken down when needed

Question 25

How do cyanobacteria acquire food

Answer 25

They go through photosyntheisis (have thylakoid membranes)

Question 26

What is the flagella?

Answer 26

They are appendages that allow the bacteria to propel themselves. They are attached to a hook and a basal body. The basl body is a series of rings that is anchored in the cell wall and membrane.

Question 27

What are fimbriae?

Answer 27

Small bristlelike fibers that sprout from the cell surface. They attach bacteria to a surface

Question 28

What are conjugation pili?

Answer 28

They are rigid tubular structures used by bacteria to pass DNA from cell to cell

Question 29

What does the endosymbiotic theory say?

Answer 29

That the mitochondria and chlorplasts (two energy related organelles) arose when the cell engulfed independent prokaryotes

Question 30

Why does the endosymbiotic theory state what it does?

Answer 30

Because both cholorplasts and mitochondria are bounded by double membranes and contain their own genetic material separate from that in the cell

Question 31

What does the plant cell wall made up of?

Answer 31

cellulose

Question 32

What are "compartments" inside a eukaryotic cell called?

Answer 32

Organelles

Question 33

What do vesicles do?

Answer 33

They carry the products from each organelle around

Question 34

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 34

It is the lattice of protein fibers that maintains the shape of the cell and assists in the movement of organelles

Question 35

What does the nucleus do that is essential to the life of the cell?

Answer 35

It contains the genetic information that is passed from cell to cell

Question 36

What does teh nucleus contain?

Answer 36

Chromatin in a semifluid matrix called nucleoplasm

Question 37

Chromatin condenses to form what?

Answer 37

Chromosomes

Question 38

What do chromsomes contain?

Answer 38

They contain DNA, protein, and some RNA, as well as Genes

Question 39

What are genes?

Answer 39

They are units of heredity that are located on the chromosomes

Question 40

What are the three types of RNA that are produced?

Answer 40

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Question 41

How are ribosomes produced?

Answer 41

rRNA is produced in the nucleolus, a dark region of chromatin where rRNA is joined with proteins to form the subunits of RNA

Question 42

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 42

They are the site of protein synthesis

Question 43

What separates the nucleus from teh cytoplasm?

Answer 43

The nuclear envelope

Question 44

What do the nuclear pores permit?

Answer 44

The passage of ribosomal subunits and mRNA out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 45

What happens in ribosomes?

Answer 45

They are particles whrere protein syntehsis occurs. The numbers of ribosomes in cell varies depending on the function

Question 46

In eukaryotic cells, how do ribosomes move/occur?

Answer 46

Freely within the cytoplasm, each singly or in groups called polyribosomes

Question 47

What causes a ribosome to bind to the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 47

It occurs only if the protein being synthesized by a ribosome.Binding will occur only of the protein that is being synthesized begins with a signal peptide.

Question 48

What does the endomembrane system consist of?

Answer 48

The nuclear envelope, membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and several types of vesicles