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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

cytology

A

the study of cells

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2
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

forms the outer limiting barrier separating internal contents of the cell from the external environment

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3
Q

nucleus

A

largest cell structure which houses DNA

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

all material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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5
Q

cytosol

A

also called the intercellular fluid or cytoplasmic matrix is the viscous, syrup like fluid of the cyto plasma

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6
Q

organelles

A

complex, organized structures within the cells that have unique characteristic shapes and functions

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7
Q

inclusions

A

not considered organelles, but are aggregates(clusters) of a single type of molecule

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8
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. physical barrier
  2. selective permeability
  3. electrochemical gradients
  4. communication
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9
Q

physical barrier

A

boundary separating substances inside the cell from substances on the outside

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10
Q

selective permeability

A

regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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11
Q

electrochemical gradients

A

establishes and maintains electrical charge differences

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12
Q

communication

A

contains receptors that recognize and respond to signals/stimuli

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13
Q

phospholipids

A

make up a majority of the plasma membrane

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14
Q

the phosphate head is..

A

hydrophillic and polar

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15
Q

the fatty acid tail is..

A

hydrophobic and non polar

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16
Q

cholesterol

A

is scattered within the hydrophobic region of the phospholipid bilayer, strengthens and stabilizes it at temperature extremes

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17
Q

glycolipids

A

forms a coat of sugars( glycocalyx) around the cell

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18
Q

integral protiens

A

are embedded within, and extend across the bilayer,

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19
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attached loosely either to the external or internal surfaces of the membrane and are anchored to the exposed parts or an integral protein

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20
Q

transport protein

A

facilitates the movement of substances across the membrane

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21
Q

cell surface receptors

A

bind specific molecules called ligands

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22
Q

identity markers

A

communicate to other cells what they are and where they belong, used by the immune system

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23
Q

enzymes

A

catalyze reactions either on the inner or outer surface of the cell

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24
Q

anchoring sites

A

secures the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane

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25
cell adhesion proteins
holds neighboring cells together
26
the cell membrane is?
semipermeable- allowing some substances through but not others
27
membrane transport
obtaining ans eliminating substances across the plasma membrane occur through several different processes
28
passive process
do not require cellular energy expenditure
29
active processes
they require cells to use energy
30
diffusion
random movement of solutes from an area of more concentration to an area of less concentration
31
facilitated diffusion
small solutes that are charged or polar are blocked from passing through the membrane
32
channel mediated diffusion
diffusion of specific solutes through integral channel proteins
33
simple diffusion
solutes that are small and non polar move into or out of there cell down their concentration gradient
34
four materials that move with simple diffusion are?
respiratory gases, small non polar fatty acids, ethanol and urea
35
passage of water of the membrane
small amounts can slip between molecules of the phospholipid bilayer
36
aquaporins
integral protein water channels. water mostly enters
37
passive mechanisms
don't require energy
38
concentration gradient
separates intercellular fluid and extracellular fluid
39
how do molecules move in a concentration gradient
they move down the gradient
40
channel mediated facilitated diffusion
diffusion of specific solutes through integral channel proteins
41
what solutes are transported by channel mediated facilitated diffusion?
charged or polar solutes
42
the two types of channels that are used by channel mediated facilitated diffusion are?
leak and gated
43
leak channels
continuously open
44
gated channels
closed and opens in response to a stimulus
45
osmotic pressure
the force with which water moves as a result of solute concentration
46
hydrostatic pressure
force on the fluid as a result of its container or external force
47
active mechanisms
require energy
48
carrier mediated active transport
proteins move solutes using ATP(energy)
49
primary active transport
pumps bound solutes across the membrane against their concentration gradient
50
ion pumps
are found in all cell types
51
calcium ion pump
moves calcium(Ca+)into organelle for storage in muscles
52
sodium potassium pump
maintains high (Na+) in extracellular fluid and high (K+) in internal cellular fluid
53
osmosis occurs when-
osmolarity is different on each side of the membrane
54
osmosis
water will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
55
tonicity
the description of how the solute affects a cells shape or tone
56
what does tonicity always refer to?
the extracellular fluid and how it compares to the intercellular fluid
57
Iso tonic
appears normal and has no net flow into or out of the cell
58
hypotonic
if the solution results in an osmotic flow into the cell causing it to swell
59
lysis
if to much water enters the cell it bursts, hypotontic
60
hypertonic
a solution results in osmotic flow out of the cell it shrinks
61
crenate
the shrinking of a cell
62
secondary active transport
moves solute against its gradient by moving it in conjunction with a solute going down the gradient
63
the pump of secondary active transport help by
maintaining a gradient allowing the molecule that is going down its gradient to aid the transport of a target solute up its gradient
64
symport
if substances move in the same direction
65
antiport
if substances move in opposite directions
66
vesicular transport
membrane bound sac filled with materials(vesicles) that move large substances or large amounts
67
exocytosis
vesicles within the cell fuse with the plasma membrane to release contents
68
one thing that happens in exocytosis is
ATP is used to fuse with the lipid bilayer
69
materials ejected through exocytosis
waste and secretory products
70
endocytosis
formation of vesicles at the cell surface to bring materials into the cell
71
what is ATP used for in Endocytosis?
to sever the vesicle from the cell membrane
72
three types of endocytosis are
phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis
73
phagocytosis
cell eating, cytoplasmic extensions, pseudopodia, engulf a large solid object
74
pinocytosis
cell drinking, internalizes droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved solutes
75
receptor mediated endocytosis
gathers specific target molecules to be brought into the cell
76
resting membrane potential
electrical charge difference across the membrane at rest
77
the inside of the cell is
relatively negative compared to the outside
78
ECF has a high concentration of?
Na+
79
ICF has high concentration of
K+ and negatively charged proteins
80
role of K+
some leave the cell through K+ leak channels by following its chemical gradient while being opposed by its electrical gradient
81
role of Na+
some enter the cell through Na+ leak channels by following its chemical and electrical and chemical
82
to prevent to much sodium from entering the cell what happens?
the numbers of Na+ leak channels are limited. moves against gradient
83
sodium potassium exchange pump
removes 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ brought back into cell
84
Changes to RPM
basis for electrical communication and done by opening and closing gated ion channels

Anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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