Chapter 4: Human Development (1A)

Question 1

What is cross-sectional design?

Answer 1

It compares groups of different-aged people to one another at a single point in time

Question 1

what s the longitudinal design?

Answer 1

Studies the same group of individuals over multiple time points

Question 2

What are some advantages to the cross-sectional design?

Answer 2

Easy, straightforward, convenient, and yields information about different ages

Question 3

What are some disadvantages to the cross-sectional design?

Answer 3

Assumes changes are the result of age, can not separate cohort effects from age effects, does not provide much explanation of how or when age related changes may have occurred

Question 4

What are some advantages of the longitudinal design:

Answer 4

Observed changes are a function of time and developmental experiences

Question 5

What are some disadvantages to the longitudinal design?

Answer 5

Takes a very long time, many participants drop out, cohort effects are not controlled, expensive?

Question 6

What is the cohort sequential design?

Answer 6

It is a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, it’s designed to look at both how individuals from different age groups compare to one another and to follow them over time

Question 7

What is nature?

Answer 7

Our genetic inheritance

Question 8

What is Nurture?

Answer 8

Our environment and our experiences

Question 9

What is maturation?

Answer 9

The unfolding of development in a particular sequence and time frame.

Question 10

What is epigenetic?

Answer 10

Changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequence of he gene

Question 11

What are genes?

Answer 11

Basic building blocks of our biological inheritance

Question 12

What is DNA?

Answer 12

Molecules in which genetic information is enclosed

Question 13

What are chromosomes?

Answer 13

Strands of DNA; each human being has 46 chromosomes, distributed in pairs.

Question 14

What is an allele?

Answer 14

Variation of a gene

Question 15

What is homozygous?

Answer 15

Both parents contribute the same genetic material for a particular trait

Question 16

What is heterozygous?

Answer 16

Parents contribute two different alleles to offspring

Question 17

What is genotype?

Answer 17

A persons genetic inheritance

Question 18

What is phenotype?

Answer 18

The way in which genes are expressed; the observed characteristic of the genes

Question 19

What is a dominant trait?

Answer 19

A trait that is expressed in the phenotype regardless of weather the genotype is homozygous or heterozygous

Question 20

What is a recessive trait?

Answer 20

A trait that is only expressed in the phenotype if the genotype is homozygous?

Question 21

What is codominance?

Answer 21

A phenotype expressing both traits that are coded for by a heterozygous genotype

Question 22

What is the germinal peroid?

Answer 22

Time from ovulation to implantation from 0-2 weeks. Where the egg leaves the ovary, then it is fertilized in the fallopian tube-now called a zygote, then makes its way to the uterus for implantation and growth

Question 23

What is the embryo?

Answer 23

It is 3-8 weeks post conception; all the major organs develop during this time

Question 24

What is a fetus?

Answer 24

8-40 weeks; rapid growth

Question 25

What is a teratogen?

Answer 25

It is any substance, including some diseases that cause damage during the prenatal period

Question 26

What are the harm done by teratogens dependant upon?

Answer 26

Dose, timing and extent of exposure, age of the organism (zygote,embryo, or fetus)

Question 27

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Answer 27

It is caused by early prenatal exposure to alcohol, which may present several characteristic facial features Ex: short eyelid opening and thin upper lip, also smooth philtrum (the groove between the bottoms of the nose and the crease of the upper lip