Chapter 4: Human Development (1B)

Question 1

What are synapses?

Answer 1

Points where information is transmitted between two neurons; during development, many more connections are made between neurons that are needed.

Question 2

What is synaptic pruning?

Answer 2

A loss of unnecessary connections between two neurons; a common event during development

Question 3

What is myelination?

Answer 3

The development of fatty deposits on neurons that allow electric impulses to pass through neurons more efficiently

Question 4

What are reflexes?

Answer 4

Programmed reactions to certain cues that do not require any conscious thought to perform

Question 5

What is rooting reflex?

Answer 5

Is when you touch the corner of the infants cheek and the infant turns toward the stimulation and begins to suck;helps infant begin feeding

Question 6

What is the grasping reflex?

Answer 6

It is when you press your finger against infants palm the infant grasps finger and holds on; allows infant to hold onto caregiver for safety

Question 7

What is the Moro reflex?

Answer 7

When the infant is lying flat on a blanket, slap the blanket sharply on either side of the head to startle the infant and infant flights arms outward and then inward in a hugging motion;may help infant hold onto caregiver when support is lost

Question 8

What is the babinski reflex?

Answer 8

It is when you stroke the sole of an infant’s foot and the toes spread apart; its presence indicates the integration of the nervous system

Question 9

What is cognitive development?

Answer 9

Changes in thinking that occur over time

Question 10

What is a scheme?

Answer 10

Mental structures we use to understand our thinking about the world

Question 11

What is assimilation?

Answer 11

A way of including new information or experiences into an existing scheme

Question 12

What is accommodation?

Answer 12

Altering schemes to include new knowledge

Question 13

What is equilibrium?

Answer 13

Balance in a mental framework

Question 14

What is piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Answer 14

It is rom birth to two years of age. It is learning through senses and motor actions

Question 15

What is object permanence?

Answer 15

the understanding that objects exist when they can not be seen ( paper in front of toy, toy is still there)

Question 16

What is piaget’s Peroperational stage?

Answer 16

It is the stage from two-seven years. When a child begins to develop ideas of objects in the external world and the ability to work them in their mind

Question 17

What is egocentrism?

Answer 17

Inability to take the perspective of another person.
(Jims brother )

Question 18

What is conservation?

Answer 18

It is the undertakings that certain properties of an object (such as volume and number) remain the same despite the changes in the objects outward experience

Question 19

What is the concrete operational period/ what is operations?

Answer 19

Operations is hen children develop the ability to hold and idea in their minds and mental manipulate it. Children can talk about complex relationships;however these discussion are limited to understanding ideas about real-world relationships. Ages 7-12

Question 20

What is the formal operational stage of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 20

It is from the ages of 11-12 and older, where children achieve the ability to use hypothetical deductive reason and abstract thought

Question 21

What is the information processing theory?

Answer 21

The study study of how children, learn, ember, organize, and use information from their environment - a focus on what they can do.

Question 22

What is Theory of mind?

Answer 22

An awareness of ones own mental states and the states of others ( 4-5 YEAR OLDS ) mom placing cookies somewhere kid looking in that place for cookies

Question 23

What is scaffolding?

Answer 23

Developmental adjustments that adults make to give children the help they need, but not so much that they fail moving forward.

Question 24

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 24

The gap between what a child could accomplish alone and what a child can accomplish with the help of others.

Question 25

What is temperament?

Answer 25

biologically-based tendencies to respond certain situations in similar ways throughout our lifetimes

Question 26

What is easy temperament?

Answer 26

This is about 40% of babies, they are described as easy, cheerful, regular in routines, and open to novelty

Question 27

What is difficult temperament?

Answer 27

About 10% of babies, they tend to irritable and likely to have intensely negative reactions to changes or new situations

Question 28

What is slow-to-warm-up temperaments?

Answer 28

About 15% of babies, they are less active and less responsive than other babies, in vernal they tend to withdraw in the face of change but it is not as sharply negative

Question 29

What is unique temperament?

Answer 29

About 35% of babies, they show unique blends of characteristics from the other categories. EX: baby being cautious in new situations while still having regular routines and being relatively cheerful