Chapter 40 Flashcards
0
Q
Active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta
A
Inspiration
1
Q
Process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
A
Ventilation
2
Q
A passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work
A
Expiration
3
Q
A chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing
A
Surfactant
4
Q
A collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
A
Atelectasis
5
Q
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute
A
Cardiac output
6
Q
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole
A
Stroke volume
7
Q
The resistance to left ventricular ejection
A
Afterload
8
Q
Amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole
A
Preload
9
Q
The electrical activity of the conduction system
A
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
10
Q
Extra cellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume
A
Hypovolemia
11
Q
Alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide
A
Hypoventilation
12
Q
State of ventilation in which the lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism
A
Hyperventilation
13
Q
In adequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level
A
Hypoxia
14
Q
Rhythm disturbances
A
Dysrhythmias
15
Q
Life threatening dysthymia a because of the decreased cardiac output and potential to deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation
A
Ventricular tachycardia
16
Q
Sudden cardiac death
A
Ventricular fibrillation
17
Q
Supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen needs
A
Myocardial ischemia
18
Q
Transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand
A
Angina pectoris
19
Q
Sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate coronary profusion
A
Myocardial infraction (MI) or acute coronary syndrome
20
Q
Subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing
A
Dyspnea
21
Q
Abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier
A
Orthopnea
22
Q
Bloody sputum
A
Hemoptysis
23
Q
Bloody sputum from gastrointestinal tract
A
Hematemesis
24
High-pitched musical sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a narrowed airway
Wheezing
25
Increased rate and depth of respirations
Kussmaul respiration
26
The absence of respirations for a period of time
Apnea
27
Decreased blood flow or injury to the brainstem
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
28
The process of adding water to gas
Humidification
29
Adding moisture or medications to inspired air by mixing particles of varying sizes with air
Nebulization
30
A group of therapies for mobilizing pulmonary secretions
Chest physiotherapy (CPT)
31
Component of pulmonary hygiene; consists of drainage, positioning, and turning and is sometimes accompanied by chest percussion and vibrations
Postural drainage
32
Short-term artificial airway to administer mechanical ventilation, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, or clear secretions
Endnoteachial (ET) tube
33
A surgical tube is made into the trachea and a short artificial airway (tracheostomy tube) is inserted
Tracheostomy
34
Encourages voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to patients about inspiratory volume
Incentive spirometry
35
Used to prevent using invasive artificial airways (ET) in patients with acute respiratory failure, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, or exacerbation of COPD
Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV)
36
Ventilatory support used to treat patients with obstructive sleep apnea, patients with congestive heart failure, and preterm infants with under developed lungs
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
37
Ventilatory support used to treat patients with obstructive sleep, patients with congestive heart failure, and preterm infants with under developed lungs
Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
38
A catheter inserted through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space, to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space, or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures
Chest tube
39
Collection of air in the pleural space
Pneumothorax
40
An accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura, usually as a result of trauma
Hemothorax
41
Simple, comfortable device used for precise oxygen delivery. 2 nasal prongs inserted into nostrils
Nasal cannula
42
Deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse
Pursed-lip breathing
43
Determines ability of the lungs to efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Pulmonary Function Test
44
Patient walks on a treadmill at a specified speed and duration of time. Evaluates the cardiac response to physical stress
ECG Exercise Stress Test
45
Noninvasive measure of heart structure and heart wall motion. It graphically demonstrates overall cardiac performance.
Echocardiography
46
Portable ECG worn by a patient. Produces a continuous ECG tracing over a period of time.
Holter Monitor
47
Used to visualize cardiac chambers, valves, the great vessels, and coronary arteries. Pressures and volumes within the four chambers of the heart are also monitored.
Cardiac Catheterization and Angioplasty
48
Visual examination of the tracheobronchial tree through a narrow, flexible fiberoptic scope.
Bronchoscopy
49
Surgical perforation of chest wall and pleural space with a needle to aspirate fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes or to remove a specimen for biopsy
Thoracentesis
50
Obtained to identify a specific microorganism or organism growing in sputum
Sputum Specimen
51
Provide important information for assessment of patient's respiratory and metabolic acid/base balance and adequacy of oxygenation
Arterial blood gasses
52
ECG stress test with the addition of thallium-201 injected intravenously. It determines coronary blood flow changes with increased activity.
Thallium Stress Test
53
An abnormally rapid heart rate, greater than 100 bpm in adults
Tachycardia
54
Absence of oxygen
Anoxia
55
Abnormally slow breathing
Brandypnea
56
Abnormally rapid respiration
Tachypnea
57
A slow heartbeat marked by a pulse rate below 60 bpm in an adult
Bradycardia
58
What are some diseases or medical problems that affect oxygenation?
COPD, Asthma, Pregnancy, Upper Respiratory Infection, Anemia, MI, Obesity
59
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism
Respiration
60
Where does the exchange of respiratory gases occur?
Between the environment and the blood.
61
What controls the rate and depth of respiration in response to changing tissue oxygen demands?
Neural and chemical regulators
62
Which two systems supply the oxygen demands of the body?
Cardiac and respiratory
63
What is the primary function of the lungs?
To transfer oxygen from the atmosphere into the alveoli and carbon dioxide out of the body.
64
Gases move into and out of the lungs through
Pressure changes
65
Interpleural pressure is __________. It is ____mm Hg at sea level.
negative; 760
66
For air to flow into the lungs, intrapleural pressure becomes ________ __________
more negative
67
The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Perfusion
68
Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
Diffusion
69
The major inspiratory muscle
diaphram
70
The effort required to expand and contract the lungs
WOB (work of breathing)
71
The amount of energy expended on breathing depends on the ________ and ___________ of breathing, ________ and _________
rate; depth; compliance; airway resistance
72
The ease with which the lungs can be expanded
Compliance
73
Decreases in diseases such as pulmonary edema, interstitial and pleural fibrosis, and congenital or traumatic structural abnormalities such as kyphosis or fractured ribs
Compliance
74
The increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the airways decreases from mouth/nose to alveoli
Airway resistance
75
What increases airway resistance?
Diseases such as asthma & tracheal edema.
76
What is the result of airway resistance?
Decreased O2 delivered to the alveoli
77
The amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration
Tidal volume
78
The amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration
Residual volume
79
The maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration
Forced vital capacity
80
Measures the volume of air entering or leaving the lungs
spirometry
81
Primary function is to move blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange
Pulmonary circulation
82
What are 4 things that effect oxygen transport
Ventilation, Perfusion, Rate of diffusion, 02 carrying capacity
83
What is one disease that effects oxygen-carrying capacity
anemia
84
A carrier for O2 and Carbon dioxide, transports most O2 (97%)
Hemoglobin
85
Diffuses into red blood cells and is hydrated into carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Carbon dioxide
86
What does carbonic acid dissociate into?
hydrogen (H) and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
87
Neural and chemical regulators control the process of _____
respiration
88
__________ controls the respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm.
CNS
89
Regulates the voluntary control of respiration
Cerebral cortex
90
Maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
Chemical regulation
91
________ sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural regulators to adjust.
Chemoreceptors
92
Which side of the heart recieves deoxygenated blood?
Right
93
Where does oxygenated blood travel to?
The left side of the heart
94
The right ventricle pumps blood through the....
pulmonary circulation
95
The left ventricle pumps blood through the....
systemic circulation
96
As the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases.
Starling's law
97
How do you determine cardiac output
Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)
98
Myocardial blood flow S1
mitral and tricuspid close
99
Myocardial blood flow S2
aortic and pulmonic close
100
Branch of systemic circulation that supplies the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients and removes wastes
Coronary artery circulation
101
Arteries and veins deliver nutrients and oxygen to tissues and remove waste products
Systemic circulation
102
Influences the rate of impulse generation and the speed of conduction pathways
Autonomic nervous system
103
Increase the rate of impulse generation and impulse transmission and innervates all parts of the atria and ventricle
Sympathetic nervous system
104
Decreases the rate and innervates atria, ventricles, and sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes
Parasympathetic system
105
Originates with the sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker and is transmitted to the atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers
Conduction system
