chapter 47 - exam 3

Question 1

mechanoreceptors

Answer 1

mechanical displacement of tissues

Question 2

examples of mechanorecetors

Answer 2

tactile, position, special sense, baroreceptors, stretch receptors

Question 3

tactile receptors

Answer 3

touch, pressure, vibration, tickle

Question 4

position receptors

Answer 4

muscle spindles, GTOs, ruffini corpuscles

Question 5

special senses

Answer 5

hearing and equilibrium

Question 6

baroreceptors

Answer 6

degree of stretch for blood pressure

Question 7

chemoreceptors

Answer 7

binding of a molecule to a sensory receptor

Question 8

nociceptors

Answer 8

factors that damage tissues, pain

Question 9

thermoreceptors

Answer 9

changes in temperature

Question 10

electromagnetic receptors

Answer 10

photons of light

Question 11

labeled line principle

Answer 11

the specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality

Question 12

transduction

Answer 12

the changing of environmental stimulus into neurological impulses

Question 13

differential sensitivity

Answer 13

each type of receptor is sensitive to only 1 type of stimulus

Question 14

modality

Answer 14

each principle type of sensation we can experience

Question 15

receptor potential

Answer 15

a change in membrane electrical potential of a receptor in response to an excitatory stimulus

Question 16

receptor field

Answer 16

the area of skin supplied by the branches/fibers from 1 pain fiber

Question 17

receptor adaptation

Answer 17

constant stimulus over a period of time causes partial or complete adaptation of a receptor

Question 18

tonic receptor adaptation

Answer 18

slow adapting, continuous stimulation

Question 19

examples of tonic receptors

Answer 19

muscle spindles, GTOs, joint capsule receptors, vestibular, pain receptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

Question 20

phasic receptor adaptation

Answer 20

rapidly adapting receptors that detect the onset/offset of a stimulus

Question 21

examples of phasic receptor adaptation

Answer 21

vibration, pacinian corpuscle, hair receptors, olfactory chemoreceptors

Question 22

type a alpha motor fibers innervate…

Answer 22

skeletal muscles

Question 23

type a gamma motor fibers innervate…

Answer 23

muscle spindles

Question 24

type b motor fibers innervate…

Answer 24

ANS preganglionic

Question 25

type c motor fibers innervate...

Answer 25

ANS postganglionic

Question 26

type a alpha (1a + 1b) sensory fibers are from...

Answer 26

GTOs + muscle spindles

Question 27

type a beta (II) sensory fibers are from...

Answer 27

tactile skin receptors

Question 28

type a delta (III) sensory fibers are from...

Answer 28

fast pain nociception + cold thermo

Question 29

type c (IV) sensory fibers are from...

Answer 29

slow pain nociceptors + warm thermoreceptors

Question 30

what types of fibers are unmyelinated

Answer 30

type c + type IV

Question 31

sensory temporal summation

Answer 31

increasing the frequency of nerve impulses in each fiber as the stimulus increases in intensity

Question 32

sensory spatial summation

Answer 32

increasing stimulus intensity causes an increase in the number of fibers from that receptor field carrying the information

Question 33

what do neuronal pools do

Answer 33

process information according to their specific design

Question 34

stimulatory field

Answer 34

the neuronal area stimulated by each incoming nerve fiber

Question 35

suprathreshold potential

Answer 35

a stimulus from the terminals of a single nerve fiber triggers an above threshold response in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 36

subthreshold stimulus

Answer 36

excitatory stimulus is not sufficient to reach threshold, neurons facilitated

Question 37

discharge zone

Answer 37

where all the neurons are stimulated to threshold by incoming fiber

Question 38

what are the aka's for discharge zone

Answer 38

excited zone, liminal zone

Question 39

facilitated zone

Answer 39

neurons on periphery of neuron pool that are excited by the incoming fiber

Question 40

aka's for facilitated zone

Answer 40

subthreshold zone + subliminal zone

Question 41

inhibitory zone

Answer 41

incoming fibers inhibit neurons

Question 42

divergence

Answer 42

when a weak signal entering a neuronal pool needs to excite a large # of fibers leaving pool

Question 43

amplifying divergence

Answer 43

allows a weak signal entering neuronal pool to excite many neurons exiting the pool

Question 44

what spinal tract is amplifying divergence associated with

Answer 44

corticospinal tract and DCML

Question 45

convergence of signals

Answer 45

signals from multiple inputs unite to excite a single neuron

Question 46

convergence from a single source is associated with...

Answer 46

spatial summation

Question 47

convergence from multiple sources is associated with...

Answer 47

interneurons in the spinal cord

Question 48

reciprocal inhibition circuit

Answer 48

1 path simultaneously inhibited while another is excited by the same stimulus

Question 49

what does the reciprocal inhibition circuit provide

Answer 49

stability (prevents over activity)

Question 50

afterdischarge

Answer 50

prolongs the signal

Question 51

reverberating/oscillatory circuits

Answer 51

positive feedback mechanism that allows repetitive discharge

Question 52

simple reverberating circuit

Answer 52

output neuron sends a collateral fiber back to its own soma to restimulate itself

Question 53

interneurons reverberating circuit

Answer 53

longer delay between initial discharge and positive feedback signal

Question 54

complex system reverberating circuit

Answer 54

both facilitatory + inhibitory influence the circuit

Question 55

parallel fibers reverberating circuit

Answer 55

total reverberatory signal is weak or strong depending on how many parallel fibers are involved

Question 56

characteristics of reverberating circuits

Answer 56

output lasts for second to minutes, intensity of the output signal increases early, brain can extend/shorten duration of total signal, seen in motor innervation of flexor withdrawl reflex in response to a painful stimulus

Question 57

continuous output circuit

Answer 57

occurs when the membrane potential is normally higher than threshold. does not fatigue enough to stop reverberation

Question 58

what system is associated with continuous output circuit

Answer 58

vestibular system, heart rate

Question 59

rhythmical output

Answer 59

respiratory system

Question 60

what stops reverberating circuits

Answer 60

synaptic fatigue, inhibitory feedback circuits, active inhibition from higher centers