exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
where are bipolar neurons used?
A
some special senses (smell, sight, hearing/equilibrium)
2
Q
where are pseudounipolar neurons used?
A
sensory pathways
3
Q
where are multipolar neurons used?
A
motor pathways + interneurons
4
Q
what type of neurons are the most numerous?
A
interneurons
5
Q
what type of neurons have the fewest?
A
motor/efferent neurons
6
Q
ACH receptor
A
cholinergic
7
Q
norepi and epi receptors
A
adrenergic
8
Q
GABA receptor
A
GABAnergic
9
Q
glycine receptor
A
glycinergic
10
Q
glutamate receptor
A
glutaminergic
11
Q
serotonin receptor
A
serotoninergic
12
Q
transduction
A
conversion of physical energy into electrical impulses
13
Q
where is transduction usually used?
A
sensory receptors
14
Q
transmission
A
carrying electrical impulses along the nerve
15
Q
where is transmission usually used?
A
nerve fibers
16
Q
perception
A
identification of what is seen, heard, felt, smelt, or tasted
17
Q
where is perception usually used?
A
primary + secondary sensory areas
18
Q
interpretation
A
making sense of the stimulus. gives meaning to sensory data
19
Q
where is interpretation typically used?
A
secondary sensory + associated areas
20
Q
modulation
A
inhibition of the tranmission of an impulse
21
Q
where is modulation typically used?
A
CNS back to PNS + sensory receptor
22
Q
sensory function
A
special senses + somatic senses
23
Q
motor function
A
somatic to skeletal muscle, visceral (ANS) to smooth/cardiac muscle + glands
24
Q
integrative function
A
processing information, discarding sensory signals that’re insignificant, coordinating appropriate response
25
memory
the process by which the NS stores info
26
spinal cord CNS function
initial sensory processing, control centers for reflexes + for walking
27
lower brain CNS function
subconscious activities
28
examples of lower brain CNS function
equilibrium, feeding reflexes, vegetative functions, emotional patterns, wakefulness
29
higher brain CNS function
though processes, refine/override functions of lower levels, memory storage
30
what is another name for lower brain of the CNS?
subcortical
31
what is another name for higher brain of the CNS?
cortical
32
small molecule NTs fast facts
rapidly acting, made locally, activate ionotropic receptors
33
what are class 1 small neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine
34
where are class 1 small molecules used?
almost all motor functions (voluntary, subconscious, autonomic)
35
what is the effect of class 1 small molecules?
excitatory
36
what kind of receptors do ANS preganglionic symp + parasymp release onto in postganglionic neurons?
nicotinic receptors
37
what kind of receptors do ANS postganglionic parasymp release onto in the target?
muscarinic receptors
38
where are nicotinic receptors found?
neurons, skeletal muscle endplates
39
where are muscarinic receptors found?
glands, cardiac/smooth muscles
40
what are class 2 small molecules?
amines + tyrosine family
41
what are class 2 small molecules made from?
tyrosine to l-dopa to catecholamines
42
types of class 2 small molecules
dopamine, epinephrine/norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine
43
dopamine
made in midbrain (substantia nigra)
44
d1 dopamine receptors
excitatory
45
d2 dopamine receptors
inhibitory
46
what does a dopamine deficiency cause?
parkisons disease
47
what does dopamine help with
motivation + emotional regulation
48
where is epinephrine/norepinephrine made + used?
many places but especially sympathetic response
49
is epi/norepi excitatory or inhibitory
excitatory
50
alpha-1 receptors in epi/norepi
cause smooth muscle contraction + blood vessel contriction
51
beta-1 receptors in epi/norepi
on the heart to increase heart rate + stroke volume
52
beta-2 receptors in epi/norepi
causes smooth muscle relaxation, blood vessel dilation, bronchodilation
53
deactivated monoamine oxidase
54
what is serotonin made from
tryptophan
55
where is serotonin used
brainstem RAS + spinal cord
56
is serotonin inhibitory or excitatory
inhibitory
57
where is histamine made
neurons of the hypothalamus from histadine
58
what does histamine do
regulate inflammation
59
what are class 3 small molecules?
amino acids
60
examples of class 3 small molecules
glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate
61
glutamate
most common excitatory NT in brain
62
GABA
provides stability to make more glutamate, inhibitory
63
what is GABA synthesized from?
glutamate
64
how is GABA regulated?
by opening cl- channels + hyperpolarizing the cell
65
glycine
inhibits brainstem + spinal cord by increasing cl- conductance
66
what are class 4 small molecules
gasses: nitric oxide
67
when is nitric oxide made?
on an as needed basis
68
how does nitric oxide move throughout cell?
diffuse freely
69
what is nitric oxide responsible for
long term memory + vasodilation
70
ligand gated ion channels
specific for their neuron
70
action of ionotropic receptors
quick to open/close. rapid signals. short lasting communication. excitatory or inhibitory
71
excitation of ionotropic receptors
open channel lets positive charge in
72
inhibition of ionotropic receptors
open channels let positive charge out or negative charge in
73
metabotropic receptors
activate 2nd messengers. longer lasting. potent effect. long term memory pathways + neural plasticity
74
g- protein
NOT A NOTECARD, WRITTEN OUT
75
synapses
junction point from 1 neuron to another neuron or tissue or muscle cells
76
are synapses specific to a particular neuron pathway/area
yes
77
neuronal synapse
neuron to neuron
78
neuromuscular junction
neuron to skeletal muscle
79
neuroglandular synapse
neuron to gland or smooth muscle (ANS)
80
muscle to muscle synapse
connection
81
electrical synapses
bi-directional, rapid to cardiac + smooth muscle
82
what is another name for electrical synapses
gap junctions
83
what is the benefit of electrical synapses
allows rapid distribution of electrical signals to all the cells at the same time
84
chemical synapses
unidirectional to nerve + skeletal muscle. experiences synaptic delay + fatigue
85
what is another name for chemical synapses
synaptic clefts
86
synaptic cleft
the space between the presynaptic terminal and the postsynaptic terminal where NT difusses
87
receptor
protein embedded in the postsynaptic neuron that changes configuration when a NT binds to it
88
axodendritic synapse
axon of presynaptic discharges to dendrite of post synaptic
89
axosomatic synapse
axon of presynaptic terminal discharges to cell body of postsynaptic
90
axoaxonic synapse
axon of 1 neuron synapses on the axon of another neuron
91
dendodendritic synapse
dendrite of 1 neuron is directly connected to the dendrite of the next neuron
92
decremental conduction
decrease in membrane potential as it spreads electronically along dendrites towards the soma
93
what type of synapse uses decremental conduction?
axo-dendritic
94
what is the least common synapse?
dendo-dendritic
95
what is the 2nd most common synapse?
axo-somatic
96
what is the most powerful excitatory synapse?
axo-somatic
97
what type of synapse is a rapid, bidirectional transfer of electrical signals between cells?
dendo-dendritic
98
chemical synapse events
NOT NOTECARD, DRAWN OUT
99
spatial summation
simultaneous postsynaptic potentials
100
temporal summation
successive discharges from presynaptic terminal
101
synaptic fatigue
when excitatory synapses are repeatedly stimulated at a rapid rate, the # will also decrease rapidly
102
synaptic delay
transmission of neuronal signal from a pre synaptic neuron to a post synaptic neuron requires a certain amount of time
103
what is the fastest synaptic delay can occur?
.5 milliseconds
104
alkalosis effect on synaptic transmission
increases neuronal excitability
105
oxygen effect on synaptic transmission
increases neuronal excitability
106
drugs (caffeine, theobromine) effect on synaptic transmission
increases neuronal excitability
107
acidosis effect on synaptic transmission
decreases neuronal activity
108
hypoxia/ischemia effect on synaptic transmission
decreases neuronal activity bc neurons stop firing
109
anesthetic agents effect on synaptic transmission
decrease neuronal activity
110
what type of NTs are found on sympathetic postganglionic receptors?
nicotinic ACH receptors
111
what type of NTs are found on sympathetic target receptors?
adrenergic norepi receptors
112
what type of NTs are found on parasympathetic post ganglionic receptors?
nicotinic ACH receptors
113
what type of NTs are found on parasympathetic target receptors?
muscarinic ACH receptors
114
where are alpha-1 receptors used?
pupil dilator muscles (circular fibers), contract to open pupil, blood vessels to the skin, + to the GI tract to decrease blood flow
115
where are beta-1 receptors used?
SA node to speed up heart rate, AV node to increase speed of cardiac conduction, cardiac muscle to increase force of contraction
116
where are beta-2 receptors used?
bronchodilation, dilate blood supply to skeletal muscles, coronary blood vessels, pulmonary vessels
117
what is the NT and receptor for skeletal muscle?
nicotinic ACH receptors
118
what are the parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in CN III?
edinger-westphal nucleus
119
what are the parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in CN VII?
superior salvitory nucleus
120
what are the parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in CN IX?
inferior salvitory nucleus
121
what are the parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in CN X?
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
122
what are the parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in S2-S4?
lateral region of gray matter
123
what are the parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies in CN III?
ciliary ganglion
124
what are the parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies in CN VII?
pterygopalatine ganglion + submandibular ganglion
125
what are the parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies in CN IX?
otic ganglion
126
what are the parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies in CN X?
intramural ganglion
127
what are the parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies in S2-S4?
intramural ganglion
128
what are the parasympathetic targets in CN III?
iris sphincter + ciliary muscles
129
what are the parasympathetic targets in CN VII?
lacrimal glands, nasal mucosa, submandibular, + sublingual gland
130
what are the parasympathetic targets in CN IX?
parotid gland
131
what are the parasympathetic targets in CN X?
heart, broncho-constriction, GI tract
132
what are the parasympathetic targets in S2-S4?
urinary, reproductive, distal GI tract
133
what are the sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies?
lateral horn of T1-L2 (intermediolateral cell column)
134
what are the sympathetic postganglionic cell bodies in sympathetic chain ganglia?
superior cervical, middle cervical, stellate, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, ganglion impar
135
what are the sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in prevertebral + peripheral ganglia?
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, aorticorenal
136
does the dorsal rami carry parasym or symp fibers?
sympathetic postganglionic fibers to skin + blood vessels of deep back muscles
137
does the white rami carry parasym or symp fibers?
sympathetic preganglionic fibers to the SCG (sympathetic chain ganglion)
138
does the gray rami carry parasym or symp fibers?
sympathetic postganglionic to dorsal + ventral rami to go to body wall + extremities
139
does the cardiopulmonary splanchnic n carry parasym or symp fibers?
sympathetic postganglionic to heart + lungs
140
does the greater splanchnic n carry parasym or symp fibers?
sympathetic preganglionic to prevertebral ganglia then to blood supply of GI tract
141
does the lesser splanchnic n carry parasym or symp fibers?
sympathetic preganglionic to prevertebral ganglia the to blood supply of GI tract
142
does the pelvic splanchnic n carry parasym or symp fibers?
parasympathetic preganglionic to intramural ganglia of distal GI, reproductive, + urinary organs
143
what CN come from the telencephalon?
CN I
144
what structures come from the telencephalon?
cerebral cortex + deep cerebral nuclei
145
what structure subdivisions come from the telencephalon?
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala
146
what CN come from the diencephalon?
CN II
147
what structures come from the diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, subthalamus, epithalamus
148
what CNs come from the mesencephalon?
CN III + IV
149
what structures come from the mesencephalon?
midbrains
150
what structure subdivisions come from the mesencephalon?
tectum + tegmentum
151
what CNs come from the metencephalon?
CN V, VI, VII, + VIII
152
what structures come from the mesencephalon?
pons + cerebellum
153
what CNs come from the myencephalon?
CN IX, X, XI, + XII
154
what structure come from the mesencephalon?
medulla
155
frontal lobe function
voluntary motor + thought process
156
parietal lobe function
somatosensory info + perception of sensory info
157
temporal lobe function
auditory cortex, language integration
158
occipital lobe function
visual cortex
159
primary motor cortex function
initiate patterns of motor movement through lower centers
160
secondary motor areas function
premotor cortex + supplementary motor area
161
special motor areas
area for hand skill, voluntary eye fixation, broca's area
162
parieto-occipito-temporal association area function
integrates somatic, visual, + auditory sensations
163
prefrontal association area function
complex thought, working memory
164
limbic association area function
integrate environmental + internal stimuli to relate to feelings/emotions
165
what is the postcentral gyrus?
primary somatosensory cortex
166
what is the precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
167
what 3 structures have bidirectional neuronal connections to transfer thoughts, training, + memories between R + L cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum, anterior commissure, + posterior commissure
168
what does the corpus callosum connect
parietal + frontal lobes
169
what does the anterior commissure connect
temporal lobes
170
what does the posterior commissure connect
occipital lobes
171
what connects wernicke's to broca's for speech
arcuate fasciculus
172
what is the function of layers 1 + 2 of the cerebral cortex
intercortical association, local communication circuits (local gossip network)
173
what is the function of the 3rd layer of the cerebral cortex
houses neurons that send axos through corpus callosum or commissures to other hemisphere (send fibers to other hemisphere)
174
what is the function of the 4th layer of the cerebral cortex
termination site for incoming sensory signals from the body (data reception)
175
what is the function of the 5th layer of the cerebral cortex
output tracts to brainstem + spinal cord + basal ganglia
176
what is the function of the 6th layer of the cerebral cortex
output tracts to the thalamus
177
what is the function of the basal ganglia
regulate the size/intensity of a motor movement pattern
178
what is the function of the hippocampus
declarative memory consolidation (decides what the brain remembers)
179
what is the function of the amygdala
emotions, triggers fight or flight through hypothalamus
180
what is the main decision maker of the brain
the hippocampus
181
what is the function of the thalamus
main relay station for all sensory information
182
what are the neuronal functions of the hypothalamus
regulate basic/vegetative functions, drinking + satiety
183
what hormones are made in the hypothalamus
ADH + oxytocin
184
what CN is actually an extension of the diencephalon
CN II, optic
185
what are the functions of the cerebellum
cooridnate movement, plan + execute movement pattenrs, maintain posture + balance, coordinate eye movements
186
what are the functions of the midbrain
eye movements, relay for auditory + visual pathways
187
what are the functions of the pons
breathing, relay from brain stem to cerebellum, balance + posture
188
what are the functions of the medulla
breathing + blood pressure, coordinate swallowing, coughing + vomiting reflexes
189
DCML function
conscious proprioception, 2-point discrimination
190
spinothalamic function
pain + temperature
191
spinocerebellar function
unconscious proprioception
192
corticospinal function
voluntary motor for fine movements
193
rubrospinal tract function
voluntary motor pattenrs
194
vestibulospinal tract function
balance + posture
195
reticulospinal tract function
keep you upright (AWAKE)
196
tectospinal tract function
turn head + eyes towards auditory/visual stimulus
