chapter 56 - exam 2

Question 1

what receptor detects linear acceleration/deceleration in the x + z planes

Answer 1

maculae of the utricle

Question 2

what receptor detects linear acceleration/deceleration in the y plane

Answer 2

maculae of the saccule

Question 3

what receptor detects rotation around an axis

Answer 3

ccrista ampullaris of semicircular ducts

Question 4

what kind of receptors detect sound waves

Answer 4

organ of corti on the basilar membrane

Question 5

what triggers the vestiuloreceptors to increase rate of depolarization

Answer 5

bending stereocilia (saccule + utricle) or cupula (rotation) toward kinocilium

Question 6

what other structures contribute to equilibrium

Answer 6

neck proprioceptors, vision, proprioception from feet

Question 7

where do rotation fibers synapse

Answer 7

flocculonodular lobe, superior, medial, + inferior vestibular nucleus

Question 8

where do rotational fibers that synapse in the superior vestibular nucleus relay

Answer 8

up medial longitudinal fasciculus to CN III, IV, VI to move + stabilize eyes

Question 9

where do rotational fibers that synapse in the medial vestibular nucleus relay

Answer 9

down medial vestibulospinal tract to stabilize head + neck

Question 10

where do rotational fibers that synapse in the inferior vestibular nucleus relay

Answer 10

brainstem + vermis to keep you awake/alertness + balance

Question 11

where do linear fibers synapse

Answer 11

flocculonodular lobe, lateral + inferior vestibular nuclei

Question 12

where do linear fibers that synapse in the lateral vestibular nucleus relay

Answer 12

deep back muscles via the lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 13

where do linear fibers that synapse in the inferior vestibular nucleus relay

Answer 13

brainstem + vermis to keep you awake/alertness + balance

Question 14

what pathway carries impulses that cause the eyes to rotate in the opposite direction when the semicircular ducts are stimulated during rotation?

Answer 14

medial longitudinal fasiculus

Question 15

what pathway stabilizes/turns the head + neck during rotation?

Answer 15

medial vestibulospinal tract

Question 16

what pathway turns the head toward an auditory/visual stimulus

Answer 16

tectospinal tract

Question 17

what pathway bypasses the vestibular nuclei?

Answer 17

vestibulocerebellar (old pathway for walking/balance)

Question 18

what pathway helps maintain posture of the entire body, particularly when moving?

Answer 18

lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 19

spinal cord level of motor control

Answer 19

reflexes, local patterns of movement, swinging limbs when walking, reciprocal motions on opposite side of body

Question 20

hindbrain levels of motor control

Answer 20

supports body against gravity, reflexes/motor control for standing, dynamic equilibrium, eye movements, autonomic functions

Question 21

what spinal tracts are associated with the hindbrain motor functions

Answer 21

reticulospinal + vestibulospinal

Question 22

motor cortex level of motor control functions

Answer 22

voluntary motor control

Question 23

primary motor cortex function

Answer 23

fine, dexterous voluntary control of muscles of speech, face + hands. executes motor patterns

Question 24

premotor cortex function

Answer 24

designs complex motor patterns, communicate w/basal ganglia + cerebellum

Question 25

supplementary motor area function

Answer 25

bilateral movements + body wide attitudinal movement

Question 26

broca's area function

Answer 26

motor for speech

Question 27

voluntary eye movement area function

Answer 27

voluntary fixation of eyes, blinking

Question 28

what tract is head rotation associated with

Answer 28

tectospinal tract

Question 29

what tract originates in the area for hand skill

Answer 29

corticospinal tract

Question 30

what are the synapse sites for the corticospinal tract

Answer 30

interneurons of the spinal cord

Question 31

what is the termination site of the corticospinal tract

Answer 31

alpha motor neurons in the anterior horn

Question 32

what type of cells are in the pyramidal tract

Answer 32

giant pyramidal cells/cells of betz + regular pyramidal cells

Question 33

what cerebral cortex layer are the cells in the pyramidal tract found in

Answer 33

layer V

Question 34

what are dynamic neurons

Answer 34

fire first + fast to initiate movement. moreso in rubrospinal tract

Question 35

what are static neurons

Answer 35

fire later + slower for as long as force is needed. moreso in corticospinal/pyramidal tract

Question 36

vestibulospinal tract function

Answer 36

maintains posture when moving, adapts to changes in position

Question 37

reticulospinal tract function

Answer 37

antigravity muscles, awake + upright/standing/sitting

Question 38

tectospinal tract function

Answer 38

turns head toward auditory/visual stimulus

Question 39

rubrospinal tract function

Answer 39

flexors. modify fine/dexerous hand/finger movements, fine tune the timing of a movement

Question 40

rubrospinal tract pathway

Answer 40

intermediate zones of cerebellum to inferior olive w/climbing fibers to modify output from red nucleus

Question 41

lateral corticospinal/pyramidal tract functions

Answer 41

fine dexterous control

Question 42

ventral corticospinal/pyramidal tract functions

Answer 42

bilateral voluntary movements

Question 43

corticobulbar/corticonucelar tract functions

Answer 43

voluntary motor to the face/head

Question 44

corticobulbar/corticonuclear tract pathway

Answer 44

cortex to brainstem nuclei of motor cranial nerves (III, IV, V3, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII)