Chapter 5 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What is learning?
A relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from our experiences
Define habituation
A basic form of learning evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it
What are the three types of learning?
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Observational learning
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other
Define neutral stimulus
A stimulus that does not cause a relevant automatic or reflexive response
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
A stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
A reflexive, involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus
Define conditioned stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associate with an unconditioned stimulus
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
A learned response to a conditioned stimulus
What is acquisition in classical conditioning?
The initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning
Define stimulus generalization
The learner often responds to similar stimuli as if they are the original conditioned stimulus
What is stimulus discrimination?
The ability to differentiate between a particular conditioned stimulus and other significantly different stimuli
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
The process by which the conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
Define spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a conditioned response following its extinction
What is higher order conditioning?
With repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus and a second neutral stimulus, that second neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus as well
What is conditioned taste aversion?
A form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a particular food or drink with illness
What does operant conditioning involve?
Learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated with their consequences
Define reinforcers
Events, stimuli, and other consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring
What is positive reinforcement?
The process by which reinforcers are added or presented following a target behavior, increasing the likelihood of it occurring again
Define negative reinforcement
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a target behavior that increases the likelihood of it occurring again
What are primary reinforcers?
- Food
- Water
- Physical contact
What are secondary reinforcers?
- Money
- Good grades
What are successive approximations?
Method that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior
What is shaping?
Process by which a person observes the behaviors of another organism, providing reinforcers if the organism performs at a required level
