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A&P 1 > Chapter 5: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Histology Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

Four categories of tissues

A

Epithelial

Connective

Nervous

Muscular

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2
Q

Organ

A

Structure with discrete boundaries composed of two or more tissue types

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3
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ

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4
Q

The matrix

A

Extracellular material

Composed fibrous proteins, clear gel called ground substance

Aka tissue fluid, ECF, interstitial fluid or tissue gel

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5
Q

Three germ layers

A

Ectoderm - outer layer

Mesoderm - middle layer

Endoderm - inner layer

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6
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer

Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle

Wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix

Gives rise to cartilage, bone, blood

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8
Q

Endoderm

A

Gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts

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9
Q

Formalin

A

Fixative prevents decay of tissue for slides

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10
Q

Histological sections

A

Tissue is sliced into thin sections one or two cells thick

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11
Q

Stains

A

Tissue is mounted on slides and artificially colored with histological stain

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12
Q

Longitudinal section cut

A

Tissue cut on its long axis

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13
Q

Cross section

A

Tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ

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14
Q

Oblique section

A

Tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections

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15
Q

Smear

A

Tissue rubbed across a slide

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16
Q

Spread

A

Some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide

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17
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

> = 1 cell thick

Covers body surface and lines body cavity

Upper surface exposed to the environment or an internal space

Constitutes most glands

Avascular

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18
Q

Avascular

A

Does not have blood vessels

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19
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protect

Secretes chemical

Excrete waste

Absorb chemicals

Filter substance

Sense stimuli

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20
Q

Simple epithelia

A

One layer

Named by shape of cells

All cells touch basement membrane

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21
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Contain more than one layer

Apical cells

Some rest on top of other and do not touch basement membrane

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22
Q

Four types of simple epithelia

A

Simple squamous

Simple cuboidal

Simple columnar

Pseudostratified columnar

(See PowerPoint for photos and description of each)

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23
Q

Goblet cells

A

Mucus secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia

(See PowerPoint for photos)

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24
Q

Four types of stratified epithelia

A

Three names for their shape of their apical surface cells

Stratified squamous

Stratified cuboidal

Stratified columnar (rare)

Fourth type: transitional epithelium

(See PowerPoint for photos and description of each)

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25
Stratified squamous
Most widespread epithelium in the body Deepest layers undergo continuous mitosis Daughter cells push toward the surface and become flatter Finally die and flake off - exfoliate/desquamation Two kinds: keratinized and non keratinized (See PowerPoint for photo and description)
26
Connective tissue
Diverse abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than the matrix Most cells are not in direct contact with each other Function: support, connect and protect organs Highly variable vascularity
27
8 Functions of connective tissue
Connect organs - tendons and ligmanents Support - bones and cartilage Protect - cranium, ribs, sternum Immune protection - WBC Movement - bones provide lever system Storage - fat, calcium, phosphorous Heat production- metabolism of brown fat Transport - blood
28
Four types of connective tissue
Fibrous ( loose and dense) Adipose Supportive (bone) Fluid (blood) (Check PowerPoint for dichotomous key of CT)
29
6 cells of fibrous connective tissue
Fibroblasts - produce fiber and ground substance Macrophages- (antigens) get rid of foreign material Leukocytes- WBC (neutrophils, lymphocytes) Proteins Mast cells- inhibit clotting, secrete histamine Adipocytes- store triglycerides
30
3 fibers of fibrous CT
Collagenous Reticular Elastic (PowerPoint for description of each)
31
Ground substance
- usually gelatinous | - made of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins
32
Types of fibrous connective tissue
Loose CT- mostly made up of ground substance (areolar and reticular) Dense CT- mostly fibers (dense regular and dense irregular)
33
Adipose tissue
Adipocytes are the dominant cell type Space between is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue and blood capillaries
34
2 types of adipose tissue
White fat- found in adults, thermal insulation, cushions, body contours in females Brown fat- found in fetuses, infants and children. Functions as heat generating tissue
35
Cartilage - 3 types, description and cells
Supportive CT = hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage (See PPT for pictures and description) Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix, shapes ear, nose and larynx, avascular Cells of cartilage- chondroblasts, chondrocytes
36
Bone/Osseous Tissue
Bone (osseous tissue) is calcified connective tissue Two types of osseous tissue- spongy and compact (See PPT for photo and description)
37
Concentric lamallae
Onionlike layers around each canal of osseous tissue
38
Lacunae
Small cavity that contains an osteocyte
39
Osteon
Central canal and surrounding lamellae
40
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae
41
Canaliculi
Delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other
42
Periosteum
Tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone
43
Blood
Fluid CT Transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place Plasma- blood ground substance Erythrocytes- RBC Transport oxygen and CO2 Leukocytes- WBC defend against infection and disease Platelets- cell fragments involved in clotting
44
Excitability
Ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential
45
Membrane potential
Electrical charge difference that occurs across the cell membrane
46
Nerve cells
Changes in voltage result in rapid transmission signals to other cells
47
Muscle cells
Changes in voltage result in contraction, shortening of the cell
48
Nervous tissue
Communicate via electrical and chemical signals Consists of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia
49
Neuron parts
Neurosoma- cell body Dendrites- receive signals, transmit to cell body Axon- sends signals, can be more than 1 Meter long
50
Muscular tissue
Elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation Primary job is to exert force, creates movement, source of body heat Three types = skeletal, cardiac and smooth (See PPT for photo and description)
51
Cell junctions
Connections between two cells Cells communicate, resists stress and control what moves between them
52
Tight junction
Linkage between two adjacent cells
53
Desmosome
Patch that holds cells together
54
Hemidesmosome
Half desmosomes that anchor nasal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane
55
Gap junction
Ions, nutrients and other small solutes pass between cells
56
Glands
Cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body Exocrine and Endocrine glands (See PPT for photo and description)
57
Types of secretion
Serous- thin, watery Mucous- produce glycoproteins, mucin which absorbs water to form mucous Mixed- contain serous and mucous
58
Membranes
May only be epithelial, connective or mix of eipothelial, connective and muscular
59
Cutaneous membrane
Largest membrane in the body made of stratified squamous epithelium resting on the dermis
60
Mucous membrane (mucosa)
Lines passages that open to the external environment | See PPT for photo and description
61
Serous membrane (serosa)
Internal membrane, covers organs and lines walls of body cavities (See PPT for photo and description)
62
Tissue growth
Increasing the number of cells or size of existing cells
63
Hyperplasia
Growth through cell multiplication
64
Neoplasia
Development of a tumor
65
Differentiation
Development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue
66
Metaplasia
Changing from one type of mature tissue to another
67
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells not yet performing any specialized function
68
Developmental plasticity
Ability of stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types
69
Embryonic stem cells
Totipotent- have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell including accessory organs to pregnancy Pluripotent- can develop into any type of cell in the embryo (but not accessory organs of pregnancy) 4 days after
70
Adult stem cells
Undifferentiated cells found in mature organs Multipotent- can develop into two or more different cell lines Unipotent- adult stem cells can produce only one mature cell
71
2 ways tissue can be repaired
Regeneration- replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before Fibrosis- replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue
72
Healing stage 1
Bleed Histamine released Blood plasma carries antibodies and clotting proteins into the wound
73
Healing stage 2
Blood clot forms Scab Macrophages digest tissue debris
74
Healing stage 3
New Capillaries sprout Transform into granulation tissue Macrophages remove clot Fibroblasts deposit collagen Lasts up to 2 weeks
75
Healing stage 4
Epithelial cells around wound multiply and migrate beneath scab (tissue regenerates) Underlying connective tissue undergoes fibrosis Remodeling phase begins several weeks after injury and may last 2 years
76
Tissue Degeneration and death 1
Atrophy Necrosis Infarction Gangrene (dry, wet and gas) Decubitus ulcer
77
Atrophy
Shrinkage of tissue through loss in cell size or number Senile atrophy (normal aging) Disuse atrophy (lack of use)
78
Necrosis
Pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins or infections
79
Infarction
Sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off
80
Gangrene
Tissue necrosis that usually involves infection Decubitus ulcer- dry gangrene due to pressure sore Dry gangrene- complication of diabetes Wet gangrene- liquefaction of internal organs with infection Gas gangrene- infection from soil bacterium that results in hydrogen bubbles in tissues
81
Tissue Degeneration and Death 2
Aptosis- programmed cell death - the cells have completed their function and serve the body by dying
82
Stem cell controversy
Recent presidents have disagreed on the morality of stem cell use Biologists see many possibilities for the use of embryonic stem cells in treating disease
83
Location of simple squamous
Alveoli Glomeruli Endothelium serosa
84
Location of simple cuboidal
Liver Thyroid Mammary and salivary glands Bronchioles Kidney tubules
85
Location of simple columnar
Lining of GI tract Uterus Kidney Uterine tubes
86
Location of Pseudostratified
Respiratory tract and portions of male urethra
87
Location of keratinized stratified squamous
Epidermis Palms and soles
88
Location of nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Tongue Oral mucosa Esophagus Vagina
89
Location of stratified cuboidal
Sweat gland ducts Ovarian follicles Seminiferous tubules
90
Location of transitional epithelium
Ureter Bladder (Umbrella cells)
91
Location of areolar tissue
Epithelia Serous membranes Between muscles Blood vessels
92
Location of reticular tissue
Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Bone marrow
93
Location of dense reg CT
Tendons (muscle to bone) Ligaments (bone to bone)
94
Location of dense irregular CT
Deeper layer of skin Capsules around organ
95
Location of hyaline cartilage
Ends of bones Trachea Larynx Fetal skeleton
96
Location of elastic cartilage
External ear and epiglottis
97
Location of fibrocartilage
Pubic symphysis Menisci Intervertebral discs
98
Types of exocrine glands
Simple coiled tubular Compound acinar Compound tubuloacinar (See PPT for photo and example)

A&P 1 (10 decks)

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