Chapter 12: Nervous System

Question 1

2 organ systems that maintain internal coordination

Answer 1

Endocrine and Nervous

Question 2

Endocrine System

Answer 2

communicates via hormones in the blood

Question 3

Nervous System

Answer 3

electrical and chemical means to send messages cell to celll

Question 4

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 4

brain and spinal cord

Question 5

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 5

Nerves and ganglia

Question 6

The PNS is divided into what divisions

Answer 6

sensory and motor

Question 7

Sensory (afferent) divisions

Answer 7

carries signals from various receptors

Question 8

Visceral Motor divison (ANS)

Answer 8

Dont have control over these two affectors (Parasympathetic and sympathetic division)

Question 9

Sympathetic

Answer 9

arouses body for action (fight or flight)

Question 10

Parasympathetic

Answer 10

calms body (rest and digest)

Question 11

3 classes of neurons

Answer 11

sensory, interneurons and motor

Question 12

Neuroglia/Glial cells

Answer 12

Protects neurons, binds them together, provides supportive framework for nervous tissue

Question 13

Types of glial cells

Answer 13

Ependymal, microglia, astrocytes, schwann cells, satellite cells, oligodendrocytes

Question 14

Myelin sheath

Answer 14

Spiral layer of insulation around a nerve fiber

Question 15

Electrical Potential

Answer 15

Difference in concentration of charged particles between one point and another, under the right circumstances can produce a current

Question 16

Summation

Answer 16

process of adding up post synaptic potentials and responding to their net effect

Question 17

Temporal Summation

Answer 17

This occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades. This allows the EPSPs to add up over time to a threshold voltage that triggers an action potential (fig. 12.26). Temporal summation can occur if even one presynaptic neuron stimulates the postsynaptic neuron at a fast enough rate.

Question 18

Spatial Summation

Answer 18

This occurs when EPSPs from several synapses add up to threshold at the axon hillock. Any one synapse may generate only a weak signal, but several synapses acting together can bring the hillock to threshold. The presynaptic neurons collaborate to induce the postsynaptic neuron to fire.

Question 19

Nervous System

Answer 19

Nervous system is the foundation of our conscious experience, personality, and behavior

Question 20

Excitability (Irritability)

Answer 20

Respond to environmental changes called stimuli

Question 21

Conductivity

Answer 21

Respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations

Question 22

Secretion

Answer 22

When an electrical signal reaches the end of nerve fiber, the cell secretes a chemical neurotransmitter that influences the next cell

Question 23

Axonal Transport

Answer 23

two-way passage of proteins, organelles, and other material along an axon
Anterograde transport: movement down the axon away from neurosoma
Retrograde transport: movement up the axon toward the neurosoma

Question 24

Myelination

Answer 24

production of the myelin sheath

Question 25

Nerve growth factor (NGF)

Answer 25

protein secreted by a gland, muscle, or glial cells and picked up by the axon terminals of neurons

Question 26

Action Potential

Answer 26

dramatic change in membrane polarity produced by voltage-gated ion channels

Question 27

Refractory Period

Answer 27

period of resistance to stimulation

Question 28

Saltatory Conduction

Answer 28

Myelinated fibers conduct signals with saltatory conduction—signal seems to jump from node to node

Question 29

Neuromodulators

Answer 29

chemicals secreted by neurons that have long term effects on groups of neurons

Question 30

Neural Integration

Answer 30

the ability to process, store, and recall information and use it to make decisions

Question 31

Neural Coding

Answer 31

the way the nervous system converts information into a meaningful pattern of action potentials

Question 32

Electrical Potential

Answer 32

Difference in concentration of charged particles between one point and another

Question 33

Current

Answer 33

Flow of charges particles

Question 34

RMP

Answer 34

Charge difference across plasma membrane (-70 mV)

Question 35

Action Potential

Answer 35

Dramatic change produced by voltage-gated ion channels in the plasma membrane

Question 36

Neurotransmitters

Answer 36

Molecules that are synthesized by a neuron, released when a nerve signal reaches an a on terminal or varicosity of the nerve fiber and has an effect on the receiving cells physiology

Question 37

Immediate memory

Answer 37

Ability to hold it in the mind for a few seconds

Question 38

Short term memory

Answer 38

Few seconds to a few hours

Question 39

Working memory

Answer 39

Form of STM that allows you to hold an idea in the mind long enough to carry out an action

Question 40

Long term memory

Answer 40

Lasts up to a lifetime and is less limited than STM

Question 41

Explicit LTM/ Declaritive memory

Answer 41

Retention of events and facts that you can put into words, numbers, names, dates etc.

Question 42

Implicit memory

Answer 42

Memory of things that come reflexively or unconsciously, including emotional memories and procedural memories

Question 43

Long term depression LTD

Answer 43

Erases long term memories

Question 44

Memory loss

Answer 44

Immediate and short term memories vanish simply as neural circuits cease to fire

Question 45

Multipolar neurons

Answer 45

One axon and multiple dendrites. Most common

Question 46

Bipolar neurons

Answer 46

One axon and one dendrite

Question 47

Unipolar neurons

Answer 47

Have a single process leading away from the soma

Question 48

Anaxonic neurons

Answer 48

Multiple dendrites but no axon

Question 49

universal properties of neurons

Answer 49

excitability, conductivity and secretion

Question 50

Functional classes of neurons

Answer 50

Sensory (afferent), interneurons and Motor (efferent)

Question 51

Four types of glial cells

Answer 51

Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, microglia and astrocytes

Question 52

oligodendrocytes

Answer 52

form myelin sheath in the CNS that speed signal conduction

Question 53

Ependymal Cells

Answer 53

Line internal cavities of the brain; secret and circulate CSF

Question 54

Microglia

Answer 54

Macrophages that wander through CNS looking for debris and damage

Question 55

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 55

degenerative disorder of myelin sheath, replaced by scar tissue

Question 56

Tay Sachs

Answer 56

degenerative disorder of myelin sheath, abnormal accumulation of glycolipid GM2

Question 57

Excitatory Cholinergic Synapse

Answer 57

uses ACh

Question 58

Inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse

Answer 58

uses y-aminobutyric

Question 59

Excitatory Adrenergic Synapse

Answer 59

uses norepinephrine (NE)

Question 60

Neuromodulators

Answer 60

chemicals secreted by neurons that have long term effects on groups of neurons

Question 61

Neural Integration

Answer 61

the ability to process, store, and recall information and use it to make decisions

Question 62

Neural Coding

Answer 62

the way the nervous system converts information into a meaningful pattern of action potentials

Question 63

Alzheimers

Answer 63

Show deficiencies of ACh and NGF, atrophy of gyri shown in autopsy

Question 64

Parkinsons

Answer 64

Degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons