Chapter 14: Brain and Cranial Nerves

Question 1

Rostral

Answer 1

Toward the forehead

Question 2

Caudal

Answer 2

Toward the spinal cord

Question 3

3 major portions of the brain

Answer 3

Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Brainstem

Question 4

Longitudinal Fissure

Answer 4

Deep groove that separates the cerebral hemispheres

Question 5

Gyri

Answer 5

thick folds

Question 6

Sulci

Answer 6

shallow grooves

Question 7

Corpus Collosum

Answer 7

thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres

Question 8

Gray Matter

Answer 8

the seat of neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses
Dull color due to little myelin
Forms surface layer (cortex) over cerebrum and cerebellum
Forms nuclei deep within brain

Question 9

White Matter

Answer 9

bundles of axons
Lies deep to cortical gray matter, opposite relationship in the spinal cord
Pearly white color from myelin around nerve fibers
Composed of tracts, or bundles of axons, that connect one part of the brain to another, and to the spinal cord

Question 10

Ependyma

Answer 10

type of neuroglia that lines ventricles and covers choroid plexus
Produces cerebrospinal fluid

Question 11

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Answer 11

clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of CNS

Question 12

Function of CSF

Answer 12

Buoyancy, Protection and Chemical Stability

Question 13

Brain barrier system

Answer 13

regulates what substances can get from bloodstream into tissue fluid of the brain
Although blood is crucial, it can also contain harmful agents

Question 14

Two points of entry must be guarded

Answer 14

Blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue

Capillaries of the choroid plexus

Question 15

Central Pattern Generators

Answer 15

neural pools that produce rhythmic signals to the muscles of breathing and swallowing

Question 16

Reticular Formation

Answer 16

Loose web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brainstem
Occupies space between white fiber tracts and brainstem nuclei
Has connections with many areas of cerebrum
More than 100 small neural networks without distinct boundaries

Question 17

Reticular Formation Functions

Answer 17

Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep, consciousness and habituation

Question 18

Cerebellum

Answer 18

important for motor coordination and locomotor ability

Question 19

Forebrain

Answer 19

consists of Diencephalon: encloses 3rd ventricle, most rostral part of brainstem and Telencephelon: develops into cerebrum

Question 20

Diencepholon

Answer 20

3 parts: thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

Question 21

Hypothalamus

Answer 21

major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

Question 22

Cerebrum

Answer 22

largest, most conspicuous part of human brain. Seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions

Question 23

Basal Nuclei

Answer 23

masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus

Question 24

Higher Brain Functions

Answer 24

sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language

Question 25

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 25

monitors surface electrical activity of the brain waves

Question 26

Cognition

Answer 26

the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge

Question 27

Hippocampus

Answer 27

important limbic system area for memory

Question 28

Amygdala

Answer 28

emotional memory

Question 29

Special Senses

Answer 29

Vision, Hearing, Equilibrium, Taste and Smell

Question 30

General Senses

Answer 30

Touch, pressure, stretch, movement, heat, cold and pain

Question 31

Wernicke Area

Answer 31

Posterior to lateral sulcus usually in left hemisphere Permits recognition of spoken and written language When we intend to speak, Wernicke area formulates phrases and transmits plan of speech to Broca area

Question 32

Broca Area

Answer 32

Inferior prefrontal cortex usually in left hemisphere Generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking and for hands when signing Transmits program to primary motor cortex for commands to the lower motor neurons that supply relevant muscles

Question 33

Left Hemisphere

Answer 33

Analytical

Question 34

Right Hemisphere

Answer 34

Artistic

Question 35

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 35

allows researchers to visualize increases in blood flow when brain areas are active

Question 36

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 36

looks at increase in blood flow to an area—magnetic properties of hemoglobin depend on how much oxygen is bound to it