Chapter 1: Major Themes Of A&P

Question 1

Ventral

Answer 1

Toward the front or belly

Question 2

Dorsal

Answer 2

Toward the back or spine

Question 3

Anterior

Answer 3

Toward the ventral side

Question 4

Posterior

Answer 4

Toward the dorsal side

Question 5

Cephalic

Answer 5

Toward the head or superior end

Question 6

Rostral

Answer 6

Toward the forehead or nose

Question 7

Caudal

Answer 7

Toward the tail or inferior end

Question 8

Ipsilateral

Answer 8

On the same side of the body

Question 9

Contralateral

Answer 9

On the opposite side of the body

Question 10

Superficial

Answer 10

Closer to the body surface

Question 11

Deep

Answer 11

Farther from the body surface

Question 12

Medical imaging

Answer 12

Viewing the inside of the body without surgery

Question 13

Radiology

Answer 13

Branch of medicine concerned with imaging

Question 14

Gross anatomy

Answer 14

Structures seen with the naked eye

Question 15

Histology

Answer 15

Examination or study of tissues with a microscope

Question 16

Histopathogy

Answer 16

Tissues with signs of disease

Question 17

Cytology

Answer 17

Study of structure and function of cells

Question 18

Ultra structure

Answer 18

View detail under electron microscope

Question 19

Subdisciplines of physiology

Answer 19

Neurophysiology - nervous system

Endocrinology- hormones

Pathophysiology - disease

Question 20

Reductionism

Answer 20

Large complex systems can be understood by studying their simpler components

Question 21

Holism

Answer 21

Emergent properties of the whole organism can’t be predicted from the properties of separate parts

• healthcare providers must treat the whole person, not just a disease or organ system

Question 22

Cellular composition

Answer 22

Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

Question 23

Metabolism

Answer 23

Internal chemical reactions

Question 24

Responsiveness

Answer 24

Ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)

Question 25

Claude Bernard

Answer 25

Noted constant internal conditions

Question 26

Walter Cannon

Answer 26

Coined the term homeostasis

Question 27

Negative feedback

Answer 27

The body sense a change and “negates” or reverses it

Question 28

Receptor

Answer 28

Structure that sense change in the body

Question 29

Integrating control center

Answer 29

Processes sensory information, “makes a decision”, and directs the response

Question 30

Effector

Answer 30

Cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

Question 31

Positive feedback

Answer 31

Self amplifying cycle - leads to change in same direction, change produces more change, it loops

Question 32

Gradient

Answer 32

A difference in chemical concentration

Question 33

90% of medical terms come from...

Answer 33

Greek and Latin roots

Question 34

Cell theory

Answer 34

All structure and function result from the activity of cells

Question 35

Charles Darwin

Answer 35

First book origin of species by nat selection (1859) presented well supported theory of evolution 2nd book the descent of man (1871) Darwin addressed issue of human evolution

Question 36

Evolution

Answer 36

The change in genetic composition of a population of organisms

Question 37

Natural selection

Answer 37

The principle theory of how evolution works - some individuals have hereditary advantages that allow them to produce more offspring - selection pressures are forces like climate, predators, disease, competition and food

Question 38

Adaptations

Answer 38

Features of an organism that have evolved in response to selection pressures

Question 39

Hierarchy of complexity in the body

Answer 39

``` Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelles Molecules Atoms ```

Question 40

Anabolism

Answer 40

Synthesis reactions

Question 41

Catabolism

Answer 41

Breakdown reactions

Question 42

Mutation

Answer 42

Change in DNA structure

Question 43

Unity of form and function

Answer 43

Form and function compliment each other, physiology cannot be divorced from anatomy