Chapter 5 HW

Question 1

Jumping jacks use which muscle actions?

Answer 1

Abduction: Movement of a part of the body away from the midline

Adduction: movement of a part of the body toward the midline

Question 2

Synaptic knob

Answer 2

Releases the chemical (neurotransmitter) Acetylcholine (protein) at the nerve end.

Question 3

Electromyography (EMG)

Answer 3

A procedure that assesses the health of the muscles by testing how a muscle responds to electric stimuli

Question 4

Inversion

Answer 4

Position in which the soles of the feet are together, facing each other

Question 5

Eversion

Answer 5

Position in which the soles of the feet point away from each other

Question 6

Dorsiflexion

Answer 6

Position of standing on the heels with the toes pointing up off the floor

Question 7

Plantar flexion

Answer 7

Position of standing on tiptoes with the heels off the floor

Question 8

Supination

Answer 8

Rotation that turns the palms up. You could hold soup in the palm of your hand when your palm is supinated.

Question 9

Pronation

Answer 9

Rotation that turns the palms down. You would pour soup from your hand during pronation

Question 10

Myofibril

Answer 10

Compose the functional units of a muscle cell

Question 11

Sarcolemma

Answer 11

The muscle cell membrane

Question 12

Fixator

Answer 12

A muscle that holds an origin stable for another muscle

Question 13

Lever

Answer 13

Rigid object that can be used to lift something

Question 14

Motor unit

Answer 14

A single nerve cell and all the muscle cells it stimulates

Question 15

Power stroke

Answer 15

Myosin pulls on actin, which draws the Z lines toward the center, shortening the sacromere

Question 16

Prime mover

Answer 16

The main muscle of the synergist to perform the action

Question 17

Synergist

Answer 17

Muscles that have the same action

Question 18

Antagonist

Answer 18

A muscle that has an opposing action

Question 19

Epimysium

Answer 19

The connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

Question 20

Perimysium

Answer 20

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle (muscle fibers)

Question 21

Third class lever system

Answer 21

Most common lever system used in the body

Question 22

Depression

Answer 22

The act of opening the jaw or lowering the shoulders

Question 23

Circumduction

Answer 23

The act of making a circle with part of the body

Question 24

Rotation

Answer 24

The act of spinning on an axis

Question 25

Tetany

Answer 25

Sustained muscle contractions

Question 26

Sliding filament theory

Answer 26

Muscle contraction involves thick myofilaments grabbing thin myofilaments and pulling them toward the center of the sarcomere

Question 27

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 27

Skeletal muscle tissue performs anaerobic respiration, Involves fewer steps than aerobic respiration, does not require oxygen, and produces enough energy to form just two ATP molecules, produces lactic acid

Question 28

Muscular dystrophy

Answer 28

Group of genetic disorders that result in progressive weakening and degeneration of muscle tissue and its replacement with fibrous scar tissue

Question 29

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 29

Antibodies attack the acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junctions. Muscle weakness results because the muscle cannot fully respond to the nerve impulses

Question 30

Cramp

Answer 30

Painful muscle spasm as a result of heavy exercise, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, extreme cold, low blood glucose levels, or lack of blood flow

Question 31

Origin

Answer 31

The attachment of a muscle to a bone or structure that does not move when the muscle contracts

Question 32

Insertion

Answer 32

The attachment of a muscle to a bone or structure that does move when the muscle contracts

Question 33

Refractory phase

Answer 33

The calcium is actively transported back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the muscle produces acetylcholinesterase to remove the acetylcholine from the receptors

Question 34

Muscle fatigue

Answer 34

Labels of lactic acid build up, muscle cells become less and less able to respond to the nerve stimuli, eventually the muscle may weaken to the point of not being able to respond at all

Question 35

Sprain

Answer 35

A tear in a ligament

Question 36

Strain

Answer 36

A tear in a muscle or a tendon

Question 37

Aerobic respiration

Answer 37

Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle tissue all perform aerobic respiration. Multistep process, requires oxygen, results in carbon dioxide, produces enough energy to form 36 ATP molecules

Question 38

Isotonic contraction

Answer 38

Tension in the muscles remain constant, and motion was the result

Question 39

Isometric contraction

Answer 39

Muscles bulge with increased tension, but movement would not have resulted

Question 40

Muscle atrophy

Answer 40

Decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in muscle tissue

Question 41

Flexion

Answer 41

Action that bends a part of the body anteriorly, such as flexing the elbow

Question 42

Extension

Answer 42

Action that bends a part of the body posteriorly, such as straightening the arm at the elbow

Question 43

Adduction

Answer 43

Movement of a part of the body toward the midline

Question 44

Abduction

Answer 44

Movement of a part of the body away from the midline

Question 45

Muscle elasticity

Answer 45

If a muscle cell is stretched, it will return to its original shape

Question 46

Contractility

Answer 46

A muscle cell can shorter with force. Muscles can only pull, they cannot push

Question 47

Motor unit recruitment

Answer 47

Involvement of multiple muscles for one movement

Question 48

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 48

Autorhythmic (self stimulating), no nerve stimulus needed for cardiac muscle cells to contract. Aerobic respiration.

Question 49

Skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 49

Voluntary, under conscious control, aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Question 50

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 50

Involuntary, not under conscious control. Aerobic respiration.

Question 51

Fascia

Answer 51

Connective tissues that surrounds several muscles of an area forming muscle compartments

Question 52

Z-lines

Answer 52

Form the ends of a sacromere, which is composed of thick and thin filaments

Question 53

Which minerals are required for muscle cell function?

Answer 53

Calcium and potassium

Question 54

Muscle responses to nerve stimulation

Answer 54

Based on the threshold amount of acetylcholine fitting into receptors, all or nothing, ultimately responsible for conductivity and contractility