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Anatomy/Physiology > Chapter 6 HW > Flashcards

Chapter 6 HW Flashcards

1
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

A test that looks for the presence of a meningitis pathogen in the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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2
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located posteriorly in the brain, interior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. It receives sensory messages concerning the position of the limbs, muscles and joints. Fine-tunes efferent skeletal muscle messages to coordinate position, balance, and movement. The effect is smooth, coordinated movement.

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3
Q

Neuroglial cells found in the CNS (central nervous system)

A

Oligodendrocytes (form myelin), Ependymal cells (produce cerebrospinal fluid), Astrocytes (form the blood-brain barrier, regulate composition of CSF, and form scar tissue), microglia (provide protection by seeking and removing damaged cells, debris, and pathogens)

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4
Q

Epidural space

A

Between the vertebrae and the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord.

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5
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • Clear, colorless fluid that circulates between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space to bathe the brain and spinal cord
  • Functions: rinse the brain and spinal cord of metabolic waste, cushion the brain from impact, provide buoyancy so the brain is not damaged by the bony floor of the skull
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6
Q

Neuron membrane during resting membrane potential

A

Outside is positive, inside is negative, membrane is polarized

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7
Q

Amount of spinal nerves attached to the spinal cord between vertebrae

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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8
Q

Reflex arc

A
  • Receptor: dendrite of a neuron receiving the stimulus (a chemical, heat, light, or mechanical disturbance.
  • Afferent neuron (sensory): neuron that has an action potential carrying the signal to the CNS
  • Integrating center: either the brain or spinal cord, where the signal is received from the afferent neuron and conducted to a motor neuron. This may or may not require an inter neuron.
  • Efferent neuron (motor): neuron that has an action potential carrying a signal away from the CNS
  • Effector: the structure causing the effect. If this structure is skeletal muscle, it is called a somatic reflex. If the effector is a gland or smooth muscle, it is called an autonomic reflex
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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Carries efferent messages, these messages are involuntary. Divided by two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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10
Q

Four subdivisions of the brain

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

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11
Q

Cauda equina

A

A bundle of nerve roots that extends from L1 to S5 in the vertebral cavity

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12
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, it contains cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

Myelination of the axon

A

Allows action protecting to travel very quickly

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14
Q

Four major lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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15
Q

Gyri

A

Folds on the cerebrum that allows for extra surface area

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16
Q

Diencephalon

A

One of four subdivisions of the brain, located deep to the cerebrum. It has two major components, the thalamus and the hypothalamus

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17
Q

Two main divisions of the nervous system

A
  • Central: composed of the brain and spinal cord and serves as the central processing center
  • Peripheral: a network of all the nerves in the body that sends messages to and from the central processing center
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18
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Intermittently covers the axon. Myelin is lipid-rich, and it insulates the axons much like the wire coating on wires, the myelin on an axon has gaps

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19
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Disorder involving the nervous system, it is a progressive, irreversible disease of the brain that is characterized by dementia

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20
Q

Action potential

A

The flow of electricity along an axon of a neuron in one direction, from the trigger zone to the synaptic knob

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21
Q

Terminal arborization

A

Located at the end of axon

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22
Q

Gray matter of the spinal cord

A

In the center of the cord and arranged in an “H.” Composed of dendrites, cell bodies, and short unmyelinated neurons (interneurons)

23
Q

Endoneurium

A

Connective tissue surrounding an axon of an individual neuron

24
Q

Sodium/potassium pump

A

Responsible for reestablishing and maintaining the resting membrane potential by pumping Na+ out of the cell again through active transport, once the resting membrane potential is restored, the neuron is ready to begin again with another nerve impulse

25
Axon hillock
Trigger zone of the axon
26
Choroid plexus
A bed of capillaries that exist in the walls of the ventricles (cavities in the brain) that are lined with ependymal cells that make cerebrospinal fluid
27
Perineurium
Surrounds bundles of axons called fascicles
28
Order of the reflex arc
1. Receptor 2. Afferent neuron (sensory) 3. Integrating center 4. Efferent neuron (motor) 5. Effector
29
Meningitis
Serious inflammation of the meninges caused by viruses or bacteria. A test called a lumbar puncture, can be done to look for the presence of a pathogen in the CSF
30
Parkinson’s disease
Degenerative disorder of the brain characterized by tremors and slow, uncoordinated movements
31
Huntington’s disease
A disorder of the brain characterized by destruction of brain cells caused by a defective gene
32
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Commonly called a stroke. A disorder characterized by a death to part of the brain caused by a lack of blood supply
33
Functions of the sympathetic nervous system
Prepares the body for fight or flight, dilates blood vessels, and decreases blood flow to to digestive organs
34
Parts of the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Afferent, efferent: somatomotor, autonomic: parasympathetic, sympathetic
35
Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system
Sends electrical messages to carry out functions for every day body maintenance like digestion, defecation, and urination
36
The three meninges in order from most superficial
Dura mater, arachnoid mater (delicate, weblike layer), and pia mater (tight to the brain and spinal cord)
37
White matter vs gray matter
- White matter: in the brain and spinal cord, is a concentration of myelinated axons - Gray matter: in the brain and spinal cord, is a concentration of dendrites, cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons
38
Sympathetic division
A subdivision of the autonomic division. Sends electrical messages to prepare the body for physical activity, often referred to as fight or flight
39
Axon
The part of a neuron that carries the nerve impulse along its length to the synaptic knobs at the end of the terminal arborization
40
Reflexes
Involuntary, predictable, motor response to a stimulus without conscious thought. It is a very fast response, used often as a protective device
41
Spinal nerves
Each spinal nerve splits into two nerve roots as it approaches the cord, a dorsal root and ventral root. Dorsal root has a bulge while the ventral does not. The bulge is a ganglion (group of cell bodies). Dorsal roots carry Afferent (sensory) messages, ventral roots is composed of multipolar neuron axons that carry efferent (motor) messages.
42
Afferent vs Efferent
- Afferent: sensory neurons that carry incoming messages to the brain - Efferent: motor neurons that carry outgoing messages away from the brain and spinal cord
43
Resting membrane potential potassium
Potassium can freely cross the neuron cell membrane
44
Anatomy of nerves in the parasympathetic nervous system
Preganglionic neurons come off the brain and the sacral region of the spinal cord, and synapse with the post ganglionic neurons in the ganglia close to the structure they stimulate
45
Anatomy of the nerves in the sympathetic nervous system
A short preganglionic neuron leaves the spinal cord from the thoracic and lumbar regions and synapses with the post ganglionic neuron at the sympathetic chain of ganglia just outside the vertebral column
46
Excitatory
The ability of a local potential to cause a neuron to send a signal
47
Inhibitory
The ability of a local potential to prevent a neuron from sending a signal
48
Graded
The amount of stimulation determines how much sodium (Na+) enters the cell
49
Neuroglial cells that produce myelin
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
50
Astrocyte
Cover the nonmyelin portions of the neurons and blood vessels in the CNS, forming a blood-brain barrier
51
Hemiplegia
Type of paralysis that effects one side of the body
52
Dendrites
Part of the neuron that receives information
53
Sodium (Na+) during resting membrane potential
Sodium is located on the outside of the neuron membrane
54
Potassium during resting membrane potential
Potassium can freely cross the neuron cell membrane

Anatomy/Physiology (10 decks)

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