Chapter 5 (Memory Structures)

Question 1

when information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use

Answer 1

encoding

Question 2

calling to mind previously stored information

Answer 2

retrieval

Question 3

occurs when we cannot retrieve information

Answer 3

forgetting

Question 4

assumes that information is received, processed, and stored differently for each kind of memory

Answer 4

modal model of memory

Question 5

unattended information stored only briefly in, connected to perception

Answer 5

sensory memory

Question 6

attended information is held in ____ for 20-30 seconds

Answer 6

short term memory

Question 7

information needed for longer periods of time

Answer 7

long term memory

Question 8

types of sensory memory

Answer 8

visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile

Question 9

visual memory is also called

Answer 9

iconic

Question 10

auditory memory is also called

Answer 10

echoic

Question 11

showed that the icon can be erased by other stimuli

Answer 11

masking

Question 12

people recall more words at either the beginning or end of the list than they do words in the middle

Answer 12

serial position effect

Question 13

improved recall of words at the beginning of a list

Answer 13

primacy effect

Question 14

improved recall of words at the end of the list

Answer 14

recency effect

Question 15

the number of items short term memory can hold

Answer 15

7 +- 2

Question 16

length of time for short term memory

Answer 16

about a minute

Question 17

the way in which information is mentally represented

Answer 17

coding

Question 18

length of time when information is lost, about 20 seconds

Answer 18

retention duration

Question 19

the encoded mental representation of the to-be-remembered information

Answer 19

memory trace

Question 20

automatic fading of memory traces

Answer 20

decay

Question 21

the disruption of memory traces by other traces

Answer 21

inteference

Question 22

old information makes it difficult to acquire new information

Answer 22

proactive interference

Question 23

new information makes it difficult to recall old information

Answer 23

retroactive interference

Question 24

short term memory uses ____ search

Answer 24

serial, exhaustive search

Question 25

length of time for long term memory

Answer 25

indefinite, some can last for decades at a time

Question 26

capacity of long term memory

Answer 26

virtually unlimited

Question 27

acoustic similarity affects _____, semantic similarity affects ____

Answer 27

STM, LTM

Question 28

how long term memory is coded

Answer 28

semantics

Question 29

participants hear lists of pairs of words, then presented with the first word of each pair, participants must recall the word paired with it

Answer 29

paired associates learning

Question 30

points to and leads to the recovery of a target memory

Answer 30

retrieval cue

Question 31

as research participants study more facts, the time they need to retrieve a particular fact increases

Answer 31

fan effect

Question 32

states that material organized into categories is more easily recalled

Answer 32

categorization

Question 33

the idea that memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval

Answer 33

encoding specificity

Question 34

recall is best when performed in the original environment

Answer 34

context effect

Question 35

in the working memory model, STM is equated with

Answer 35

consciousness, place that governs flow of information and processes

Question 36

consists of a limited capacity workspace that can be divided between storage and control processing

Answer 36

working memory

Question 37

three components of working memory

Answer 37

central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop

Question 38

directs the flow of information, choosing which information will be operated on, when, and how

Answer 38

central executive

Question 39

carries out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material

Answer 39

phonological loop

Question 40

used to maintain visual material through visualization

Answer 40

visuospatial sketch pad

Question 41

responsible for LTM of episodic memory

Answer 41

episodic buffer

Question 42

holds memory of specific events in which you yourself somehow participated

Answer 42

episodic memory

Question 43

holds information that has entered your general knowledge

Answer 43

semantic memory

Question 44

affects episodic memory, general knowledge remains intact

Answer 44

anterograde amnesia