Chapter 9 (Language)

Question 1

The different sounds of a language

Answer 1

phonemes

Question 2

The study of different sounds in a language

Answer 2

phonology

Question 3

Putting sounds together in a coherent way, identifying the meaning units of a language

Answer 3

morphology

Question 4

smallest meaning units of language

Answer 4

morphemes

Question 5

arrangement of words within sentences, structure of sentences

Answer 5

syntax

Question 6

the study of meaning of language

Answer 6

semantics

Question 7

give and take between participants in language

Answer 7

pragmatics

Question 8

the set of rules for a language

Answer 8

grammar

Question 9

refers to the underlying linguistic knowledge that lets people produce and comprehend language

Answer 9

linguistic competence

Question 10

reflects linguistic competence only under completely ideal conditions

Answer 10

linguistic performance

Question 11

the study of speech sounds and how they are produced

Answer 11

phonetics

Question 12

the study of speech sounds and how they are produced

Answer 12

phonetics

Question 13

taking a certain part of a sentence and moving it to the front

Answer 13

preposing

Question 14

describes the way in which certain symbols can be rewritten as other symbols

Answer 14

rewrite rules

Question 15

theories of meaning

Answer 15

anomaly, self-contradiction, ambiguity, synonymy, entailment

Question 16

the speaker asserts her or his belief in some proposition, ex: “It’s hot in here”

Answer 16

assertives

Question 17

are instructions from the speaker to the listener, ex: “Close the door”

Answer 17

directives

Question 18

utterances that commit the speaker to some later action, ex: “I promise to clean my room”

Answer 18

commissives

Question 19

describe psychological states of the speaker, ex: “I apologize for eating the last piece of pie”

Answer 19

expressives

Question 20

speech acts in which the utterance is itself the action, ex: “You’re fired”

Answer 20

declarations

Question 21

the effect when listeners restore missing phonemes predicted by other linguistic information during the course of perception

Answer 21

phoneme restoration effect

Question 22

when observers are faster and more accurate in making a lexical decision when a target word is preceded by another word that is associated in meaning

Answer 22

semantic priming effect

Question 23

lead the listener or reader down one interpretation until the middle or end of processing, they realize the interpretation is incorrect and the sentence needs to be reprocessed

Answer 23

garden path sentences

Question 24

when words have two meanings

Answer 24

lexical ambiguity

Question 25

series of fixations and jumps

Answer 25

saccades

Question 26

when readers encounter a new words and try to interpret it and assign it a role

Answer 26

immediacy assumption

Question 27

interpretation of each word occurs during the time it is fixated

Answer 27

eye-mind hypothesis

Question 28

the number of basic ideas conveyed

Answer 28

propositional complexity

Question 29

Gricean maxims of cooperative conversation

Answer 29

quantity, quality, relation, manner

Question 30

states that language both directs and constraints thought and perception

Answer 30

Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity

Question 31

language disorder

Answer 31

aphasia

Question 32

Damage to frontal areas, distorted speech, difficulty comprehending reversed sentences

Answer 32

expressive aphasia (Brocha’s aphasia)

Question 33

fluent speech without content, damage to the temporal lobes and left hemisphere, cannot comprehend and execute simple commands

Answer 33

receptive aphasia (Wernicke’s aphasia)

Question 34

specialization between the two hemispheres

Answer 34

lateralization

Question 35

difficulties in naming objects

Answer 35

anomia

Question 36

visual language impairments

Answer 36

alexia

Question 37

the inability to write

Answer 37

agraphia

Question 38

one can write, but cannot read what they write

Answer 38

alexia without agraphia