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Biology Ap > Chapter 54 > Flashcards

Chapter 54 Flashcards

1
Q

Community

A

Population of differnet species living in the same habitat

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2
Q

Interspecific interaction

A

Interaction between different species in the community

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3
Q

Competition

A

( - / - ) interaction that occur when individuals of different species each use a resource that limits the survival and reproduction of both individuals

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4
Q

Predation

A

( + / - ) interaction between species in which the predator kills and eats the other prey

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5
Q

Herbivory

A

( + / - )

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6
Q

Symbiosis

A

Individuals of two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

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7
Q

Mutualism

A

( + / + )

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8
Q

Commensalism

A

( + / 0 ) symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but neither harms or helps the other

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9
Q

Parasitism

A

( + / - )

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10
Q

Endoparasites

A

Live within body of the host

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11
Q

Ectoparasites

A

parasites that feed on the skin/external surface of the host

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12
Q

Facilitation

A

( + / + ) or ( 0 / + )

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13
Q

Competition

A

Species competing for a resource that limit their growth and survival

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14
Q

Ecological Niche

A

Sum of environmental factors that a species require : habitat, food source, temperature, etc.

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15
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Niche initially occupied by a species

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16
Q

Realized niche

A

Actual niche occupied in a particular environment

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17
Q

Competitive exclusion principles

A

Devised by Russian ecologist G.F Gause
Two species with same niches can’t coexist in a community
But they can through resrouce Partitioning or differentiation of niches

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18
Q

Allopatric

A

Geographically spereate

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19
Q

Sympatric

A

Geographically overlapping

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20
Q

Character displacement

A

Tendency to diverge in order to survive in a competition

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21
Q

Cryptic Coloration

A

Camouflage, makes prey difficult to be seen.

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22
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A

Animals with effective chemical defenses often exhibit bright colors and predators avoid preys with bright colors.

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23
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Harmless species mimics a harmful one.

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24
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Two or more harmless species resemble each other.

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25
Facultative mutualism
Both species can survive independently without the other
26
Obligate mutualism
One species loses ability to survive without its partner
27
Facilitation
Interspecific interaction in which species can have positive effects without living
28
Spcies diversity
The variation of different species that form a community
29
Species richness
The amount of differnet species in a community
30
Relative abundance
The percentage of how much a species represents the community
31
Shannon diversity index
H = -(pA inpA + pB inpB + pC inpC)
32
Invasive species
Organisms that become based outside their domestic area
33
Benefits of diverse communitites
More resistant against invasive species More effective Able to resist disturbances better More stable
34
Trophic structure
Correlation between organisms in a community in relation to food energy
35
Food chain
The exchange of food energy through the trophic levels
36
Food webs
Concept that food chains are not isolated but rather linked together in a web
37
Who created food web
Charles elton in 1920
38
Energetic hypothesis
Food chains are short because longer chains has inefficient E transfer
39
Dynamic stability hypothesis
Suggest longer chains are less stable, changes in lower trophic levels could be magnified
40
Dominant species
Species that has the largest population/biomass in a community with the ability to affect a community
41
Keystone species
Species that have a strong control over a community due to their niches, but doesn't have the largest population
42
Foundation species
Has strong effects on its community bc/ large size, high abundance, or a pivotal role in community dynamics. May provide significant habitat or good for other species, also may be competitively dominant in exploiting key resources.
43
Ecosystem engineers
Organism that influences community structure by causing physical change sin the environment
44
Adjacent trophic level relationships
V -> H More Veg. More herbivore V <- H V<--> H
45
Bottom up model
Shows the control that lower trophic levels have on higher trophic levels
46
Top- down model/trophic cascade
Shows the effect of predation in a community
47
Biomanipulation
Used to manipulate the environment by using the top-down model
48
Disturbance
Events such as a storm, fire, flood, drought, human activity
49
Non-equilibrium model
Describes most communities as constantly changing after being affected by disturbances.
50
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Moderate levels of disturbances foster greater species diversity, and can open up habitats for less competitive species making a more diverse community
51
Ecological succession
A process in which the species in the disturbed are gradually replaced by other species
52
Primary succession
Called primary when the ecological succession happens in a virtually lifeless environment with no soil
53
Secondary succession
Called secondary when the soil is present but the community ahs been cleared out by a disturbance
54
Why are species in tropics more abundant
More speciation events -> more diverse
55
Climate as a primary cause
In terrestrial communities, two main climatic factors : solar energy input and water availability -> high in tropics
56
Area effect
If all other factors are equal, the larger the land = the more diverse the community
57
Island Equilibrium model
Devised by Robert MacArthur and E.O Wilson States species diversity depends on size of island, distance from mainland, immigration rate and extinction rate. Used to predict the stable number of species Higher # is great in larder island closer to mainland.
58
Pathogen
A microorganism, virus, viroid, or prion that is able to create a disease Change structure of community, thrive as invasive due to no immunity
59
Zoonotic Pathogens
Pathogen that are transmitted from animal to human through direct contact/vector
60
Vector
Animal that receives a disease from one animal and passes to a human (tick, mosquito, etc)
61
Resource partitioning
The division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species.
62
evapotranspiration
the evaporation of water from soil and plants, takes into account sunlight and precipitation rates
63
species area curve
biodiversity pattern that shows the larger than geographic area of a community is, the more species it has.
64

Biology Ap (9 decks)

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