Chapter 55

Question 1

What direction does energy flow?

Answer 1

One direction

Question 2

Chemical cycling

Answer 2

Chemicals cycle within ecosystems

Question 3

Ecosystem

Answer 3

All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them.

Question 4

Does total amount of energy in ecosystem change?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 5

Every exchange of energy increases entropy(lack of order in a system) of the universe. Energy conversion are always inefficient, some heat is always lost

Question 6

Detritus

Answer 6

All the nonliving organism material in the ecosystem such as bodies of dead organisms and dead leaves.

Question 7

Autotrophs

Answer 7

Organism that is able to form nutrition organisms substances form simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide

Question 8

Heterotrophs

Answer 8

Organisms deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organism substances

Question 9

Herbivores

Answer 9

Primary consumers, hunted by carnivores

Question 10

Secondary consumers

Answer 10

Also carnivores, hunted by other carnivores

Question 11

Detrivore

Answer 11

Animal whichx feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus.
Aka decomposers
Most common, fungi

Question 12

Primary production

Answer 12

The amount of light energy converted into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds

Question 13

What happens which primary produces are chemoautotrophs

Answer 13

Initial energy input is chemical and are the organism compounds synthesized by the microorganism.

Question 14

Amount of energy earths atmosphere is struck by

Answer 14

10^32 joules

Question 15

Gross primary production

Answer 15

Total primary production, amount of light energy converted to chemical energy per unit time.

Question 16

Net primary production

Answer 16

R = total amount of organic carbons that is reprised (Oxidized to CO2) by plants per unit time
NPP = GPP - R_a

Question 17

Biomass

Answer 17

Primary production represents storage of chemical E available to the consumers in the ecosystem

Question 18

Most productive ecossytem

Answer 18

Tropical rain forest

Question 19

Light limitation

Answer 19

Depth of light penetration affects primary production through the photic szone of an ocean.

Question 20

Nutrient limitation

Answer 20

Nutrients limit primary production more than light in most oceans and lakes.

Question 21

Limiting nutrient

Answer 21

Element that must be added to increase production
Iron is a common limiting nutrient. Can stimulate growth of Cyanobacteria that fix additional atmosphere nitrogen.

Question 22

Where in oceans is there high primary production

Answer 22

Areas of upwelling

Question 23

Eutrophication in freshwater

Answer 23

Caused by sewage and fertilizer runoff from farms and lawns.

Question 24

Net ecosystem production

Answer 24

Measure of the total biomass accumulation during that time

Question 25

Use of NEP

Answer 25

Determine if Ecosystem is gaining/losing C overtime NPP can loose C if heterotrophs release CO2 faster than primary produces can incorporate it to organic compounds.

Question 26

Main factors that control PP

Answer 26

Temperature and moisture

Question 27

Low productivity systems

Answer 27

Hot and dry like deserts or cold and dry like arctic tundra

Question 28

Common limiting mineral nutrients

Answer 28

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Question 29

How do plants increase uptake of limiting nutients?

Answer 29

-Mutualisms like symbiosis w/ plant roots and N fixing bacteria - Mycorrhizal association between plant roots and fungi -Release enzymes/other stuff to soil to increase availability

Question 30

Secondary production

Answer 30

Amount of chemical energy in consumers food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given period

Question 31

Assimilation

Answer 31

Consists of the total energy taken in, not including loss of waste, used for growth, reproduction, and respiration

Question 32

Trophic efficiency

Answer 32

Percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.

Question 33

Turnover time

Answer 33

Amount of time required for replacement by flow-through of the energy or substance of interest contained in the system

Question 34

Importance of C

Answer 34

Forms framework of the organic mulecules essential to all organisms

Question 35

What removes a lot of CO2

Answer 35

Photosynthesis

Question 36

Importance of N

Answer 36

Part of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 37

Where is N found

Answer 37

Atmosphere 80% N soil and sediments

Question 38

Importance of P

Answer 38

constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids and ATP, also bonds and teeth

Question 39

Common form of P used in living organisms

Answer 39

Phosphate

Question 40

Where is P usually found

Answer 40

Marine sedimentary rock, soil, oceans, organisms

Question 41

Decomposers E source

Answer 41

detritus

Question 42

Growth of Decomposers controlled by?

Answer 42

Temperature, moisture, and nutrient availability

Question 43

Decomposition in tropical vs Temperate forest

Answer 43

Tropical is faster, and most nutrient in tree trunk. Most nutrient in soil in temeprate

Question 44

Biomremidiation

Answer 44

Making land less toxic by removing the toxic metals in land

Question 45

Biological augmentation

Answer 45

Add necessary resources/material into the soil with the help of organisms

Question 46

Biogeochemical cycles

Answer 46

Any of the various chemical cycles, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.

Question 47

Reserrvoirs

Answer 47

Location of chemical element consisting of either organic or inorganic materials that are either available to for direct use by organisms or unavailable as nutrients

Question 48

Reservoir of C

Answer 48

Fossil fules soils, marine sediment, plant/animal biomass. Largest is sedimentary rock like limestone

Question 49

dentrification

Answer 49

the microbial process of reducing nitrate and nitrite to gaseous forms of nitrogen, principally nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen (N2

Question 50

Assimilation

Answer 50

Consists of the total energy taken in, not including loss of waste, used for growth, reproduction, and respiration

Question 51

Biomass

Answer 51

Total quantity of weight of organisms in a given area of volume

Question 52

N Fixation

Answer 52

N2 taken fro atmosphere and converted into N compounds for other biochemical processes

Question 53

Ammonification

Answer 53

\NH4