chapter 6

Question 1

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

Answer 1

acquisition

Question 2

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

Answer 2

associative learning

Question 3

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

mental picture of the layout of the environment

Answer 4

cognitive map

Question 5

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

conditioned response (CR)

Question 6

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 7

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

Answer 7

continuous reinforcement

Question 8

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

extinction

Question 9

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Answer 9

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Question 10

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Answer 10

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 11

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Answer 11

higher-order conditioning

Question 12

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

Answer 12

instinct

Question 13

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Answer 13

latent learning

Question 14

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Answer 14

law of effect

Question 15

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Answer 15

learning

Question 17

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

Answer 17

acquisition

Question 18

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

Answer 18

associative learning

Question 19

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

Answer 19

classical conditioning

Question 20

mental picture of the layout of the environment

Answer 20

cognitive map

Question 21

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Answer 21

conditioned response (CR)

Question 22

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 22

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 23

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

Answer 23

continuous reinforcement

Question 24

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Answer 24

extinction

Question 25

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Answer 25

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Question 26

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Answer 26

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 27

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Answer 27

higher-order conditioning

Question 28

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

Answer 28

instinct

Question 29

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Answer 29

latent learning

Question 30

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Answer 30

law of effect

Question 31

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Answer 31

learning

Question 32

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

Answer 32

model

Question 33

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Answer 33

negative punishment

Question 34

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Answer 34

negative reinforcement

Question 35

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

Answer 35

neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 36

type of learning that occurs by watching others

Answer 36

observational learning

Question 37

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Answer 37

operant conditioning

Question 38

rewarding behavior only some of the time

Answer 38

partial reinforcement

Question 39

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Answer 39

positive punishment

Question 40

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Answer 40

positive reinforcement

Question 41

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

Answer 41

primary reinforcer

Question 42

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

Answer 42

punishment

Question 43

staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations

Answer 43

radical behaviorism

Question 44

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

Answer 44

reflex

Question 45

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Answer 45

reinforcement

Question 46

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

Answer 46

secondary reinforcer

Question 47

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

Answer 47

shaping

Question 48

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

Answer 48

spontaneous recovery

Question 49

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Answer 49

stimulus discrimination

Question 50

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 50

stimulus generalization

Question 51

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

Answer 51

unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 52

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Answer 52

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 53

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

Answer 53

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Question 54

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Answer 54

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 55

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

Answer 55

vicarious punishment

Question 56

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

Answer 56

vicarious reinforcement

Question 57

An example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

Answer 57

infant sucking on a nipple

Question 58

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

Answer 58

occurs as a result of experience

Question 59

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

Answer 59

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

Question 60

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

Answer 60

classical conditioning

Question 61

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

Answer 61

neutral stimulus

Question 62

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ______.

Answer 62

stimulus generalization

Question 63

Extinction occurs when ________.

Answer 63

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 64

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.

Answer 64

conditioned responses

Question 65

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

Answer 65

negative punishment

Question 66

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?

Answer 66

money

Question 67

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

Answer 67

shaping

Question 68

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

Answer 68

variable ratio

Question 69

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

Answer 69

model

Question 70

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

Answer 70

kicked and threw the doll

Question 71

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

Answer 71

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Question 72

Who proposed observational learning?

Answer 72

Albert Bandura