Chapter 10

Question 1

wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards

Answer 2

Intrinsic motivation

Question 3

motivation that arises from external factors or rewards

Answer 3

Extrinsic motivation

Question 4

species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned

Answer 4

Instinct

Question 5

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis

Answer 5

Drive theory

Question 6

pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

Answer 6

Habit

Question 7

simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower

Answer 7

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 8

individual’s belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task

Answer 8

Self-efficacy

Question 9

spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization

Answer 9

Hierarchy of needs

Question 10

fullness; satisfaction

Answer 10

Satiation

Question 11

satiety hormone

Answer 11

Leptin

Question 12

amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time

Answer 12

Metabolic rate

Question 13

assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change

Answer 13

Set-point theory

Question 14

adult with a BMI between 25 and 29.9

Answer 14

Overweight

Question 14

adult with a BMI of 30 or higher

Answer 14

Obese

Question 15

adult with a BMI over 40

Answer 15

Morbid obesity

Question 16

type of surgery that modifies the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed

Answer 16

Bariatric surgery

Question 17

type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

Answer 17

Bulimia nervosa

Question 18

type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress

Answer 18

Binge eating disorder

Question 19

eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise

Answer 19

Anorexia nervosa

Question 20

individuals view themselves as overweight even though they are not

Answer 20

Distorted body image

Question 21

emotional and erotic attraction to same-sexed individuals, opposite-sexed individuals, or both

Answer 21

Sexual orientation

Question 22

emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals

Answer 22

Homosexual

Question 23

emotional and erotic attractions to opposite-sexed individuals

Answer 23

Heterosexual

Question 24

emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals

Answer 24

Bisexual

Question 25

divided into 4 phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Answer 25

Sexual response cycle

Question 26

phase of the sexual response cycle that involves sexual arousal

Answer 26

Excitement

Question 27

phase of the sexual response cycle that falls between excitement and orgasm

Answer 27

Plateau

Question 28

peak phase of the sexual response cycle associated with rhythmic muscle contractions (and ejaculation)

Answer 28

Orgasm

Question 29

phase of the sexual response cycle following orgasm during which the body returns to its unaroused state

Answer 29

Resolution

Question 30

time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm

Answer 30

Refractory period

Question 31

individual's sense of being male or female

Answer 31

Gender identity

Question 32

diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their biological sex

Answer 32

Gender dysphoria

Question 33

use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite-sex

Answer 33

Transgender hormone therapy

Question 34

subjective state of being often described as feelings

Answer 34

Emotion

Question 35

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience

Answer 35

Components of emotion

Question 36

emotions arise from physiological arousal

Answer 36

James-Lange theory of emotion

Question 37

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time

Answer 37

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Question 38

emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive

Answer 38

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion

Question 39

lie detector test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a series of questions

Answer 39

Polygraph

Question 40

our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

Answer 40

Cognitive-mediational theory

Question 41

part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory

Answer 41

Basolateral complex

Question 42

part of the brain involved in attention and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity

Answer 42

Central nucleus

Question 43

one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable

Answer 43

Cultural display rule

Question 44

emotional expression through body position or movement

Answer 44

Body language

Question 45

happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, anger

Answer 45

7 universal facial expressions

Question 46

Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.

Answer 46

affiliation

Question 47

________ proposed the hierarchy of needs.

Answer 47

Abraham Maslow

Question 48

________ is an individual's belief in her capability to complete some task.

Answer 48

self-efficacy

Question 49

Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this?

Answer 49

extrinsic

Question 50

According to your reading, nearly ________ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese.

Answer 50

one third

Question 51

________ is a chemical messenger secreted by fat cells that acts as an appetite suppressant.

Answer 51

leptin

Question 52

________ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed.

Answer 52

bulimia nervosa

Question 53

In order to be classified as morbidly obese, an adult must have a BMI of ________.

Answer 53

40 or more

Question 54

Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so.

Answer 54

medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Question 55

During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men

Answer 55

orgasm

Question 56

Which of the following findings was not a result of the Kinsey study?

Answer 56

Sexual desire and sexual ability can be separate functions

Question 57

If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ________.

Answer 57

gender dysphoria

Question 58

Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ________.

Answer 58

hippocampus

Question 59

According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.

Answer 59

James-Lange

Question 59

Which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions described in this chapter?

Answer 59

melancholy

Question 60

Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?

Answer 60

James-Lange theory