Chapter 8

Question 1

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

Answer 1

absentmindedness

Question 2

input of sounds, words, and music

Answer 2

acoustic encoding

Question 3

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Answer 3

amnesia

Question 4

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

Answer 4

anterograde amnesia

Question 5

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

Answer 5

arousal theory

Question 6

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Answer 6

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Question 7

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

Answer 7

automatic processing

Question 8

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

Answer 8

bias

Question 9

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

Answer 9

blocking

Question 10

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Answer 10

chunking

Question 11

formulation of new memories

Answer 11

construction

Question 12

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

Answer 12

declarative memory

Question 13

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

Answer 13

effortful processing

Question 14

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Answer 14

elaborative rehearsal

Question 15

input of information into the memory system

Answer 15

encoding

Question 16

physical trace of memory

Answer 16

engram

Question 17

some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

Answer 17

equipotentiality hypothesis

Question 17

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

Answer 17

episodic memory

Question 18

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

Answer 18

explicit memory

Question 19

recall of false autobiographical memories

Answer 19

false memory syndrome

Question 20

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Answer 20

flashbulb memory

Question 21

loss of information from long-term memory

Answer 21

forgetting

Question 22

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

Answer 22

levels of processing

Question 22

memories that are not part of our consciousness

Answer 22

implicit memory

Question 23

continuous storage of information

Answer 23

long-term memory (LTM)

Question 23

set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

Answer 23

memory

Question 23

technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

Answer 23

memory-enhancing strategy

Question 24

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

Answer 24

misattribution

Question 25

after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

Answer 25

misinformation effect paradigm

Question 26

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

Answer 26

mnemonic device

Question 27

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

Answer 27

persistence

Question 28

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

Answer 28

proactive interference

Question 29

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

Answer 29

procedural memory

Question 30

accessing information without cues

Answer 30

recall

Question 31

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

Answer 31

recognition

Question 32

repetition of information to be remembered

Answer 32

rehearsal

Question 32

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

Answer 32

reconstruction

Question 32

learning information that was previously learned

Answer 32

relearning

Question 33

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Answer 33

retrieval

Question 34

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

Answer 34

retroactive interference

Question 35

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

Answer 35

self-reference effect

Question 35

loss of memory for events that occurred before to brain trauma

Answer 35

retrograde amnesia

Question 36

input of words and their meaning

Answer 36

semantic encoding

Question 37

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Answer 37

semantic memory

Question 38

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

Answer 38

sensory memory

Question 39

holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

Answer 39

short-term memory (STM)

Question 40

creation of a permanent record of information

Answer 40

storage

Question 41

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

Answer 41

suggestibility

Question 42

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

Answer 42

transience

Question 43

input of images

Answer 43

visual encoding

Question 44

________ is a memory store with a phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and a central executive.

Answer 44

working memory

Question 45

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

Answer 45

essentially limitless

Question 46

The three functions of memory are ________.

Answer 46

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 47

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.

Answer 47

engram

Question 48

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

Answer 48

flashbulb memory

Question 49

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

Answer 49

egocentric bias

Question 50

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

Answer 50

blocking

Question 51

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

Answer 51

construction; reconstruction

Question 52

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

Answer 52

acrostic

Question 52

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.

Answer 52

a traumatic life experience

Question 53

The self-referencing effect refers to ________.

Answer 53

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

Question 54

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.

Answer 54

mnemonic devices