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chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions

A

Algorithm

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2
Q

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

A

analytical intelligence

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3
Q

faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution

A

anchoring bias

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4
Q

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

A

artificial concept

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5
Q

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you

A

availability heuristic

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6
Q

thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory

A

cognition

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7
Q

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema

A

cognitive script

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7
Q

field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think

A

Cognitive Psychology

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7
Q

category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences

A

concept

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8
Q

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

A

creative intelligence

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8
Q

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

A

confirmation bias

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8
Q

providing correct or established answers to problems

A

convergent thinking

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8
Q

ability to think “outside the box” to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

A

divergent thinking

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8
Q

characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

A

crystallized intelligence

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8
Q

ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture

A

cultural intelligence

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9
Q

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

A

creativity

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9
Q

learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics

A

Dyscalculia

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10
Q

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

A

Dysgraphia

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11
Q

common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain

A

dyslexia

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12
Q

ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

A

emotional intelligence

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13
Q

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script

A

event schema

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14
Q

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

A

fluid intelligence

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15
Q

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

A

Flynn effect

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16
Q

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended

A

functional fixedness

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17
set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon
grammar
18
mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
Heuristic
19
belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't
hindsight bias
20
score on a test designed to measure intelligence
intelligence quotient (IQ)
21
communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another
language
22
the words of a given language
lexicon
23
continually using an old solution to a problem without results
mental set
24
smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
Morpheme
25
Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
Multiple Intelligences Theory
26
mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences
Natural Concept
27
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
Norming
28
extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule
Overgeneralization
29
basic sound unit of a given language
phoneme
30
aka "street smarts"
practical intelligence
31
method for solving problems
problem-solving strategy
32
best representation of a concept
prototype
33
each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up
range of reaction
34
faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment
representative bias
35
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
representative sample
36
set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
role schema
37
(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
schema
38
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
Semantics
39
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
standard deviation
40
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
Standardization
41
manner by which words are organized into sentences
syntax
42
problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found
trial and error
43
Sternberg's theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical
triarchic theory of intelligence
44
heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result
working backwards
45
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________. A. Human development B. Human thinking C. Human behavior D. Human society
B. Human thinking
46
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team? A. The equipment manager B. The scorekeeper C. The team captain D. The quietest member of the team
C. The team captain
47
Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept? A. Mammals B. A triangle's area C. Gemstones D. Teachers
B. A triangle's area
48
An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________. A. Stereotype B. Concept C. Script D. Prototype
C. Script
49
________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences. A. Linguistic determinism B. Lexicon C. Semantics D. Syntax
D. Syntax
50
________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning. A. Lexicon B. Phonemes C. Morphemes D. Syntax
C. Morphemes
51
The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________. A. Lexicon B. Phonemes C. Overgeneralization D. Semantics
D. Semantics
52
________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language. A. Syntax B. Phonemes C. Morphemes D. Grammar
B. Phonemes
53
A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________. A. An algorithm B. A heuristic C. A mental set D. Trial and error
A. An algorithm
54
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________. A. An algorithm B. A heuristic C. A mental set D. Trial and error
B. A heuristic
55
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem? A. Anchoring bias B. Confirmation bias C. Representative bias D. Availability bias
A. Anchoring bias
56
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision? A. Anchoring bias B. Confirmation bias C. Representative bias D. Availability bias
C. Representative bias
57
Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________. A. Being able to recall information B. Being able to create new products C. Being able to understand and communicate with different cultures D. Being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
D. Being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
58
Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences? A. Creative B. Spatial C. Linguistic D. Musical
A. Creative
59
Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence? A. Goleman B. Gardner C. Sternberg D. Steitz
C. Sternberg
60
When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most? A. Practical B. Analytical C. Emotional D. Creative
B. Analytical
61
In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________. A. A group of same-age peers B. A representative sample C. Children with mental disabilities D. Children of average intelligence
B. A representative sample
62
The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________. A. 70 B. 130 C. 85 D. 100
D. 100
63
Who developed the IQ test most widely used today? A. Sir Francis Galton B. Alfred Binet C. Louis Terman D. David Wechsler
D. David Wechsler
64
The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation. A. Autism and developmental disabilities B. Lowered intelligence C. Intellectual disability D. Cognitive disruption
C. Intellectual disability
65
Where does high intelligence come from? A. Genetics B. Environment C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
C. Both A and B
66
Arthur Jensen believed that ________. A. Genetics was solely responsible for intelligence B. Environment was solely responsible for intelligence C. Intelligence level was determined by race D. IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account
A. Genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
67
What is a learning disability? A. A developmental disorder B. A neurological disorder C. An emotional disorder D. An intellectual disorder
B. A neurological disorder
68
Which of the following statements is true? A. Poverty always affects whether individuals are able to reach their full intellectual potential. B. An individual's intelligence is determined solely by the intelligence levels of his siblings. C. The environment in which an individual is raised is the strongest predictor of her future intelligence D. There are many factors working together to influence an individual's intelligence level.
D. There are many factors working together to influence an individual's intelligence level.

psychology (8 decks)

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