Chapter 6

Question 0

Innate ability to shift attention to novel or surprising events (bias towards novelty) and novel stimuli and events are potentially important (hear a noise in bed)

Answer 0

Orienting Responses

Question 1

Durable change in behaviour that arises because of experience and allows us to adapt to environment

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Reduced responsiveness to a repeated stimulus, learn to ignore things that are irrelevant, and role of habituation in consumerism versus transient (real life) experiences

Answer 2

Habituation

Question 3

Increased responsiveness to a repeated stimulus, intense stimuli (frequently), and exaggerated response to unexpected stimuli (arousal)

Answer 3

Sensitization

Question 4

Learning associations between stimuli and event (Pavlovian Conditioning)

Answer 4

Classical Conditioning

Question 5

Ringing a bell triggers orientation and food trigger salivation

Answer 5

Before Conditioning

Question 6

Bell presented before food and bell triggers food triggers salivation

Answer 6

During Conditioning

Question 7

Triggers a response automatically

Answer 7

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)

Question 8

Response happens automatically in response to UCS

Answer 8

UCR (Unconditioned Response)

Question 9

Idea that stimulus that triggers response because if learning

Answer 9

CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

Question 10

A responses that is learned

Answer 10

CR (Conditioned Response)

Question 11

Environmental (contextual) cues can serve as a CS, tolerance is often context-specific, and CR can be opposite to that of UCR

Answer 11

Conditioned Tolarence

Question 12

Weakening of the CR and the CS is presented without UCS, there is also Spontaneous Recovery is a recovery of an extinguish CR after a period of non-exposure to the CS

Answer 12

Extension: Extinction

Question 13

Stimuli that are similar to CS will also elicit CR

Answer 13

Extension: Stimulus Generalization

Question 14

Stimuli that are different from CS will not elicit CR

Answer 14

Extension: Stimulus Discrimination

Question 15

Procedure in which an established CS1 is used to condition a second neutral stimulus (CS2)

Answer 15

Extension: Second-Order Conditioning

Question 16

Four factors that influence classical conditioning

Answer 16

Strength of UCS, Contiguity, Informativeness of CS, and Blocking

Question 17

Some CSs and UCSs are more easily associated than others (flavoured water can form CR is sick from injection)

Answer 17

Preparedness

Question 18

One cue signals the occurrence of a second event (associations between cues and events and behaviour cones after stimulus)

Answer 18

Classical Conditioning

Question 19

Learning if association between behaviour and consequences; behaviour comes before stimulus, and presentation of stimulus (food) depends on behaviour (pressing lever)

Answer 19

Operant Conditioning

Question 20

Effects of behaviour determine how frequently it occurs in the future (if behaviour is reward, it continues, vice versa)

Answer 20

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Question 21

Stimulus is added after behaviour

Answer 21

Positive

Question 22

Stimulus is removed after behaviour

Answer 22

Negative

Question 23

Target behaviour maintained or increases

Answer 23

Reinforcement

Question 24

Target behaviour decrease

Answer 24

Punishment

Question 25

Behaviour followed by reward = behaviour increases

Answer 25

Positive Reinforcement

Question 26

Behaviours followed by the removal of an aversive circumstances = behaviour increases

Answer 26

Negative Reinforcement

Question 27

Behaviour followed by an aversive consequence = behaviour decreases

Answer 27

Positive Punishment

Question 28

Behaviour followed removal of a desired circumstance = behaviour decreases

Answer 28

Negative Punishment

Question 29

Should be noticeable enough to eliminate the undesired response, applied consistently, emphasize that behaviour is punished, not person. Drawbacks are: suppression, side effects, and modelling

Answer 29

Effective Positive Punishment

Question 30

Delay behaviour & outcome contributes to response

Answer 30

Contiguity (Parallels with CC)

Question 31

Responses decrease in absence of reward

Answer 31

Extinction (Parallels with CC)

Question 32

Can generalize stimulus

Answer 32

Stimulus Generalization (Parallels with CC)

Question 33

Learning about conditions under which behaviours will be rewarded (or punished)

Answer 33

Discriminative Stimulus (Parallels with CC)

Question 34

Using successive approximations to reach target behaviour (increase criteria of behaviour)

Answer 34

Shaping (Forming New Behaviours)

Question 35

Learning by watching others

Answer 35

Observational Learning

Question 36

Learning that isn't evident when it occurs

Answer 36

Latent Learning

Question 37

Learning by watching or hearing about other consequences of others' behaviour

Answer 37

Vicarious Learning

Question 38

Provide reward after a period of time

Answer 38

Interval Schedules (Reinforcement)

Question 39

Provides reward after number of responses

Answer 39

Ratio Schedules (Reinforcement)