Chapter 8 Flashcards
Rules we use to combine symbols
Grammar
Used for communication (words)
Symbols
Rules used towards how we combine sounds to form words
Phonology
Rules we use for combining words to form sentences
Syntax
Rules we use for combining word to convey meaning
Semantics
Smallest unit of sound (cat= c a t)
Phonemes
Smallest unit of meaning (spin=1/spinning=2)
Morphemes
Ordering words in a sentence (similar to syntax)
Surface Structure
Meaning of sentence (similar to semantics)
Deep Structure
Let’s eat grandpa OR let’s eat, grandpa
Similar Surface, Different Deep
What? OR would you repeat that, please?
Different Surface, Similar Deep
Colourless green ideas sleep furiously
Valid Surface, Invalid Deep
Man bit the sandwich
Invalid Surface, Valid Deep
Series of vowel sounds
Cooing
Combination of consonance and vowels
Babbling
Two-three word sentences
Telegraphic Speech
Children begin to learn early without any formal instruction, similar patterns across cultures, and babbling can incorporate phonemes from all languages
Nature (Biology/Gene)
Positive reinforcement and observational learning
Nurture (Learning)
A systematic method that guarantees a correct solution
Algorithms
Rules of thumb but don’t guarantee correct solution
Heuristics
Break down main problems into components (jigsaw puzzles)
Means-End Analysis (Heuristics)
Start at end point, move toward starting point (mazes)
Working Backwards (Heuristics)
Find similarities between current problems and ones solved in the past
Analogies (Heuristics)
Tendency to use objects in familiar ways
Functional Fixedness
Tendency to dove problems using one strategy, when a different approach may be better
Mental Set
Initial mind set going into a problem
Insight Learning (Mental Set)
How aware you are to being on the right track to solving a problem
Insight (Mental Set)
Take a break from a problem and approach it with different strategy
Incubation (Mental Set)
Most people think that the chance of meeting another person with the same birthday is low (low probability confused with 0)
Birthday Problem
Judgments based on how easily something comes to mind (less dangerous but appears worse because of media)
Availability Heuristic
Perceived a relationship that doesn’t exist (full moon=crime rates)
Illusory Correlations
Judgment based in how things fit what we know (HTTHTH>HHHTTT)
Representative Heuristics
Tendency to confirm rather than refute the chosen hypothesis
Confirmation Bias
Decisions are influenced by how a situation is described (go with safe option)
Framing Effects
