Chapter 8

Question 0

Rules we use to combine symbols

Answer 0

Grammar

Question 1

Used for communication (words)

Answer 1

Symbols

Question 2

Rules used towards how we combine sounds to form words

Answer 2

Phonology

Question 3

Rules we use for combining words to form sentences

Answer 3

Syntax

Question 4

Rules we use for combining word to convey meaning

Answer 4

Semantics

Question 5

Smallest unit of sound (cat= c a t)

Answer 5

Phonemes

Question 6

Smallest unit of meaning (spin=1/spinning=2)

Answer 6

Morphemes

Question 7

Ordering words in a sentence (similar to syntax)

Answer 7

Surface Structure

Question 8

Meaning of sentence (similar to semantics)

Answer 8

Deep Structure

Question 9

Let’s eat grandpa OR let’s eat, grandpa

Answer 9

Similar Surface, Different Deep

Question 10

What? OR would you repeat that, please?

Answer 10

Different Surface, Similar Deep

Question 11

Colourless green ideas sleep furiously

Answer 11

Valid Surface, Invalid Deep

Question 12

Man bit the sandwich

Answer 12

Invalid Surface, Valid Deep

Question 13

Series of vowel sounds

Answer 13

Cooing

Question 14

Combination of consonance and vowels

Answer 14

Babbling

Question 15

Two-three word sentences

Answer 15

Telegraphic Speech

Question 16

Children begin to learn early without any formal instruction, similar patterns across cultures, and babbling can incorporate phonemes from all languages

Answer 16

Nature (Biology/Gene)

Question 17

Positive reinforcement and observational learning

Answer 17

Nurture (Learning)

Question 18

A systematic method that guarantees a correct solution

Answer 18

Algorithms

Question 19

Rules of thumb but don’t guarantee correct solution

Answer 19

Heuristics

Question 20

Break down main problems into components (jigsaw puzzles)

Answer 20

Means-End Analysis (Heuristics)

Question 21

Start at end point, move toward starting point (mazes)

Answer 21

Working Backwards (Heuristics)

Question 22

Find similarities between current problems and ones solved in the past

Answer 22

Analogies (Heuristics)

Question 23

Tendency to use objects in familiar ways

Answer 23

Functional Fixedness

Question 24

Tendency to dove problems using one strategy, when a different approach may be better

Answer 24

Mental Set

Question 25

Initial mind set going into a problem

Answer 25

Insight Learning (Mental Set)

Question 26

How aware you are to being on the right track to solving a problem

Answer 26

Insight (Mental Set)

Question 27

Take a break from a problem and approach it with different strategy

Answer 27

Incubation (Mental Set)

Question 28

Most people think that the chance of meeting another person with the same birthday is low (low probability confused with 0)

Answer 28

Birthday Problem

Question 29

Judgments based on how easily something comes to mind (less dangerous but appears worse because of media)

Answer 29

Availability Heuristic

Question 30

Perceived a relationship that doesn't exist (full moon=crime rates)

Answer 30

Illusory Correlations

Question 31

Judgment based in how things fit what we know (HTTHTH>HHHTTT)

Answer 31

Representative Heuristics

Question 32

Tendency to confirm rather than refute the chosen hypothesis

Answer 32

Confirmation Bias

Question 33

Decisions are influenced by how a situation is described (go with safe option)

Answer 33

Framing Effects