Chapter 7

Question 0

Form memories, attention, forgetfulness, and importance of notes for information access

Answer 0

Encoding

Question 1

Idea to form, maintain, and access new information

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Maintains memory

Answer 2

Storage

Question 3

Recovers memory

Answer 3

Retrieval

Question 4

Formation of new memories that are barely perceived by the senses

Answer 4

Sensory Memory

Question 5

Information that you are using at the moment

Answer 5

Short-Term Memory

Question 6

Information that your memory stores and that you’re not using but can be used

Answer 6

Long-Term Memory

Question 7

Less than one second

Answer 7

Iconic (Visual)

Question 8

Several seconds

Answer 8

Echoic (Auditory)

Question 9

Maximum number of items one can recall after one presentation

Answer 9

Immediate Memory Span

Question 10

7 +/- 2 bits of information

Answer 10

Capacity

Question 11

Self-Talk

Answer 11

Encoding in STM Acoustically

Question 12

Manipulating information

Answer 12

Working Memory

Question 13

Grouping meaningful information (becomes bigger with extensive training)

Answer 13

Chunking

Question 14

Short-Term Memory lasts:

Answer 14

10-15 seconds

Question 15

No known limit to what you can remember

Answer 15

Span

Question 16

Stays with us until we die or have brain damage

Answer 16

Duration (LTM)

Question 17

Memories available for conscious recall or memories if things you can talk about

Answer 17

Declarative

Question 18

Memories that can place in context from information in our lives (personal life story)

Answer 18

Episodic (Declarative)

Question 19

General facts or knowledge

Answer 19

Semantic (Declarative)

Question 20

Memories for actions we can perform but hard to explain

Answer 20

Procedural

Question 21

Information you want to learn (intentional)

Answer 21

Explicit

Question 22

Information you learned but not intentional

Answer 22

Implicit

Question 23

Remembering the first and last thing that was said but not so much in the middle

Answer 23

Serial Position Curve

Question 24

Recall something in a specific order

Answer 24

Serial Recall (Easy)

Question 25

Recall something to no order

Answer 25

Free Recall (Hard)

Question 26

Memory for information depends on how deeply the information is processed

Answer 26

Levels Of Processing

Question 27

Passive processing and encoding through repetition

Answer 27

Maintain Rehearsal (Shallow)

Question 28

Active processing and encoding new information by relating it to information already stored in memory

Answer 28

Elaborating Rehearsal (Deep)

Question 29

Cramming

Answer 29

Massed Practice

Question 30

Studying over longer periods of time

Answer 30

Distributed Practice

Question 31

Continuing to rehearse after it appears to have been mastered

Answer 31

Overlearning

Question 32

Mental tricks that help remember information

Answer 32

Mnemonics

Question 33

Use of visual imagery to remember information

Answer 33

Method Of Loci

Question 34

Use of a series of rhymes to associate numbers with words (each items with appropriate cues)

Answer 34

Peg-Word Method

Question 35

Connection between foreign vocabulary and fluent vocabulary

Answer 35

Link-Word Methods

Question 36

The more information retrieved, the better the retention

Answer 36

Retrieval

Question 37

Recognition versus recalled

Answer 37

Assessed Memory (Recognition is Easier)

Question 38

Something that helps retrieve memories

Answer 38

Retrieval Cues

Question 39

Memory that is facilitated when the same mental processes are used at encoding and retrieval

Answer 39

Transfer-Appropriate Processing (Retrieval Cues)

Question 40

Memory retrieval depends on the correspondence between encoding and retrieval of information

Answer 40

Encoding Specificity (Retrieval Cues)

Question 41

Memories are helped by similarities in environment contexts (sitting in a spot in class)

Answer 41

Context Dependent Memories (Encoding Specificity/Retrieval Cues)

Question 42

Memories are helped by similarities in a person's internal state during leaning versus recall (relaxed state when studying)

Answer 42

State Dependent Memories (Encoding Specificity/Retrieval Cues)

Question 43

Frameworks used to organize information and memories are reconstructed (helps recognize quick)

Answer 43

Schemas

Question 44

Memory = Peak + Recent/2 | Moderate Pain = High Pain + Low Pain/2

Answer 44

Experience versus memories

Question 45

Compelling evidence but can make many mistakes

Answer 45

Eyewitness Testimony

Question 46

Recall for an event is altered by misleading information after the event (smashed=40mph/contacted=30mph)

Answer 46

Misinformation Effect

Question 47

Other limitations (EWT)

Answer 47

Inattentional Blindness

Question 48

Perception (EWT)

Answer 48

Top-Down Processing and Illusions

Question 49

Other issues (4):

Answer 49

Emotionality, Physical Composition, Cross Ethnic Identification, and Age of Witness

Question 50

People who can't forget

Answer 50

Becomes overwhelming (PTSD)

Question 51

Random information is given and takes trials to learn list

Answer 51

Method of Savings

Question 52

Retention drops from 100% to 40% within an hour and is followed by a slow but steady decline

Answer 52

Forgetting Curve

Question 53

The forgetting curve never reaches 0, so you can never really forget

Answer 53

Duration of Savings

Question 54

Gradual deterioration over time in memory

Answer 54

Decay

Question 55

Storage or retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information

Answer 55

Interference

Question 56

Old information interferes with new information

Answer 56

Proactive Interference

Question 57

New information interferes with recall of old information

Answer 57

Retroactive Interference