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Anatomy > Chapter 6 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skin

A

Protection (physical and Chemical
Regulation of body temperature
Contains sensory receptors
Excretion and absorption
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Stores Nutrients

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2
Q

How thichk is the integumentary system

A
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3
Q

what tissue types did the integumentary system contain

A

all 4

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4
Q

how large is the integumentary system

A

22 square feet

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5
Q

what are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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6
Q

What tissue are the Epiderms made up of

A

Epithelial

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7
Q

What tissues are the dermis made up of

A

mostly connective, with some nerve, muscle, and epithelial

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8
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

a layer of adipose and areolar tissue (also known as hypodermis or subQ)

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9
Q

Characteristics of Epidermis

A

Mostly stratified squamous epithelium, it contains no blood vessels, 4 types of cells, 5 distinct strata (layer) of cells

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10
Q

What are the four types of cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells

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11
Q

Keratinocytes

A

90% of the epidermis, made from stem cells of skin and produce keratin, which strengthens and waterproofs the skin.

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12
Q

Melanocytes

A

8% of the epidermis; produces the pigment melanin

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13
Q

Langerhan cell (dendritic)

A

Comes from bone marrow, and provides immunity

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14
Q

Merkel cells (tactile cells)

A

Found in the deepest layer (Basale layer) forms touch receptors with sensory neurons.

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15
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A

Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale

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16
Q

Basale Layer

A

is the deepest layer of the epidermis, a single layer of cells, attached to the basement membrane, contains Merkel cells, melanocytes, and keratinocytes, it is the only are of cell division in the epidermis

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17
Q

Spinosum Layer

A

8 to ten layers of keratinocytes held together by desmosomes, these cells take in the pigment melanin by phagocytosis from nearby melanocytes, Langerhan cells found here help with immunity.

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18
Q

Granulosum layer

A

3-5 layers of flat dying keratinocytes, keritinization occurs as cells move upward

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19
Q

Keratinization

A

Nucleus and Organelles degenerate, cells fill with keratin and die

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20
Q

Lucidum Layer

A

Only found in thick skin (soles of feet and palms), 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells

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21
Q

Corneum layer

A

25 to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin, acts as a barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals, and bacteria

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22
Q

what is produced when stem cells deivide

A

keratinocutes

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23
Q

keratinocytes are filled with what

A

keratin

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24
Q

how long does it take for cells to grow and be shed

A

4 weeks (2 to get to the corneum, 2 more before they shed)

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25
Psoriasis
chronic skin disorder in which cells shed in 7-10 days as flakey silvery scales, abnormal keratin produced
26
Skin grafts
covering a wound with a piece of healthy skin
27
What would cause the need for skin grafts
damage of stem cells
28
Autograft
skin graft from self
29
isograft
skin graft from twin
30
Autologous skin
transplantation of skin from self, grown to size in a lab
31
How do melanocytes make melanin
By converting turosine to melanin
32
What increases melanin production
UV in sunlight
33
What causes freckles
a patch of melanocytes
34
Albanism
Lack of tyrosinase; no pigment
35
vitilligo
auto immune loss of melanocutes in areas of the skin, produces white patches.
36
where is Carotene found
in the stratum corneum and the dermis
37
What is Carotine
Yellow-Orange pigment (precursor of vitamin A) ## Footnote If other pigments are not present epidermis is translucent so pinkness will be evident
38
Hemoglobin
Red, Oxygen carrying pigment in blood
39
Jaundice
Yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes, caused by buidup of yellow bilirubin in blood from liver disease
40
Cyanotic
Bluish color to nail beds and skin, hemoglobin depleted of oxygen looks purple-blue
41
Erythema
Redness of skin due to enlargment of capilaries in the dermis
42
Papillary Region Function
anchors epidermis to dermis, contains cappilaries theat feed epidermis, and contains messner's corpuscels (touch) and free nerve endings (pain and temperature)
43
Papillary region location and makeup
top 20% of the dermis, comosed of lood connective tissue and elastic fibers
44
Reticular Region
contains interlacing collagen and elatic fibers, contains, filled with oil glands, sweat gland ducts, a little bit of fat and hair folicalles
45
What is in the Reticular Region
contains interlacing collagen and elatic fibers, contains, filled with oil glands, sweat gland ducts, a little bit of fat and hair folicalles
46
Reticular Region Function
Provides strength, extensability and elasticity to the skis
47
What causes differences in skin color
different type of melanin produced
48
Freckles
Melanocytes in a patch
49
albinism
No tyrosinase (pigment)
50
Vitiligo
autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of skin, produces white patches
51
Carotene
Yello-orange pigment found in stratum corneum and dermis
52
hemoglobin
red, oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells
53
Jaundice
Yellowish color to skin and whites of eyes; caused by buildup of yellw bilirubin in blood from liver disease
54
Cyatonic
Bluish color to nails and skin; caused by depletiokn of oxygen which makes hemoglobin look purple-blue
55
Erythema
redness of skin due to enlargement of cappillaries in dermis; shows during inflammation, infection, allergy, or burns
56
Shaft (hair)
visible segment of hair
57
Follicle
Surrond root of hair; bulb shaped
58
Arrector Pili
Smooth muscle in dermis that contracts with cold or fear and makes goosebumps
59
2 stages of Hair growth cycle
Growth stage and resting stage
60
how long does the growth stage last
2-6 years
61
how long does the resting stage last
3 months
62
What is the cause of hair color
melanin produced by melanocytes in hair bulb
63
Functions of hair
* Prevents heat loss * decreases sunburn * eylashes protect eyes * touch receptors sense touch
64
4 exocrine glands found in the dermis
* Sebaceous (oil) * Sudoriferous (sweat) * Ceruminous (wax) * Mammary (milk)
65
Secretory portion of the sebum
Sebaceous Glands
66
Where are sebaceous glands
open onto hair shafts
67
what is sebum made out of
Cholesterol, proteins, fats and salts
68
What is the function of sebum
keeps hair soft and pliable; inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi
69
Acne
* bacterial inflammation of glands * secretions stimulated by horomones at puberty
70
Where are Eccrine glands found
most areas of the skin
71
Purpose of eccrine glands
regulate body temperature
72
where are Apocrine glands
armpit and pubic regions
73
Sweat gland associated with Body Odor
Apocrine glands
74
What causes body oder
bacteria metabolizing the sweat
75
Ceruminous gland
modified sweat glands that produce waxy secretion in the ear
76
mammary gland
secretes milk
77
what are nails made of
tightly packed keratinized cells
78
how fast do nails grow
1mm per week
79
where is thick skin
palms of hands and soles of feet
80
what does thick skin have that thin doesn't
stratum lucidum
81
general functions of skin
Regulation of body temperature Contain Sensory receptors Excretion and absorption Synthesis of vitamin D Stores nutrients
82
how large of the skin
22 square feet
83
how heavy is the skin
15% of body weight
84
thermoregulation
* Releasing of sweat onto the skin * Adjusting flow of blood to the body surface * Shivering and constriction of surface vessels
85
how is vitamin D created
absorbed by skin, than transformed by liver and kidnies into calcitrol
85
how is vitamin D created
absorbed by skin, than transformed by liver and kidnies into calcitrol
86
4 phases of deep wound healing
Hemeostasis, Inflamation, Proligerative, Maturation
86
4 phases of deep wound healing
Hemeostasis, Inflamation, Proligerative, Maturation
87
Hemeostasis
Blood vessels tighten (vasoconstriction), Fibrin (protein) forms a blood clot on the skin
88
Inflimation
Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation), white blood cells (macrophages) arrive to phagocytize bacteria and release growth factors.
89
Proliferative
Fibroblasts arrive and synthesize collagen fibers to regenerate the dermis.
90
Maturation
Adult stem cells divide to regenerate tissue.
91
Maturation
Adult stem cells divide to regenerate tissue.
92
Hypertrophic scars
remain within origional wound
93
Keloid scar
extends beyon original wound
94
3 forms of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma malignant melanomas
95
basal cell carcinoma
rarely metastasize
96
squamous cell carcinoma
May metastasize
97
malignant melanomas
metastasize rapidly
98
what causes Pressure Sores
constant deficiency of blood flow to tissue

Anatomy (9 decks)

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