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AP Psychology > Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Analysis beginning with sensory receptors and works towards brain’s integration of info

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2
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Processing guided by high-level mental processes, constructing Perceptions

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3
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of relationships between physical characteristics and our psychological experience of them

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4
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

level of stimulation for sensation to occur 50% of the time

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5
Q

Subliminal

A

below threshold of awareness perceiving ability

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6
Q

Priming

A

activation causing predisposition

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7
Q

Sensation

A

process of receiving raw information from enviroment

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8
Q

Adaptation

A

gradual loss of attention to unneeded or unwanted stimulation due to prolonged unchanged stimulus

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9
Q

Perception

A

process of organizing sensory information to be meaningful

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10
Q

Vision

A

The correct name for sight

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11
Q

White Light

A

light as originates from source before broken into frequencies

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12
Q

Color

A

is seen after white light hits objects and bounces at different speed or frequencies

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13
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

mixing of blue/green/red can produce any color

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14
Q

Opponent-Process

A

color-sensitive visual elements are grouped into red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white elements

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15
Q

Afterimage

A

image that remains after stimulation of the retina has ended, unused cones start firing to balance

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16
Q

Cornea

A

clear outer covering fluid behind it

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17
Q

Iris

A

colored circular muscle, has control of amount of light

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18
Q

Lens

A

bends light rays, focuses an image on the retina

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19
Q

Accomodation

A

change shape and bend light to focus

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20
Q

Pupil

A

opening of the eye, changes size as the iris moves

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21
Q

Retina

A

back of the eye that absorbs light rays, contains millions of receptors

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22
Q

Rods

A

highly light-sensitive, color insensitive receptors, sensitive for night vision

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23
Q

Cones

A

visual receptor that responds to distinguish colors

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24
Q

Fovea

A

retina center where cones are highly concentrated

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25
Acuity
visual clarity, greatest on fovea, want 20/20
26
Color Blindness
inability to perceive certain colors
27
Optic Nerve
place where all the nerve cells leave the eye
28
Blind Spot
portion of the retina through which the optic nerve exits
29
Vision is affected by
Shape of Eyes
30
Farsightedness
eye too short, only distant focused
31
Nearsightedness
eye too long, images fall short of the retina
32
Audition
uses sound waves to hear
33
Amplitude
difference between peak and baseline
34
Wavelength
distance between one peak to the next
35
Frequency
of complete waveforms that pass everysecond
36
Pitch
how high or low a tone is
37
Timbre
mixture of frequencies and amplitudes that make complexity of the tone
38
Intensity
loudness, measured in decibels
39
Eardrum
skin stretched tightly over entrance of inner ear
40
Cochlea
snail-shaped part filled with fluid that vibrates
41
Basilar Membrane
floor of the duct that runs through the cochlea
42
Hair Cells
Receptor cells
43
Cilia
hair like extensions
44
Auditory Nerve
bundle of nerves carrying sound to brain
45
Conduction deafness
outer/middle ear damage, bones fuse together, hearing aid
46
Nerve deafness
inner ear damage, usually nerve or hair cells, no cure but cochlear implant available
47
Cutaneous
Sense of touch
48
Cutaneous receptors
nerve receptors
49
Vestibular Sense
sense of movement and position, includes balance
50
Kinesthesis
bone, muscle, tendon, joint sensors give sense of where parts of body are in respect to one another
51
Gustation
Sense of Taste
52
Papillae
groupings of taste receptors
53
Five Senses of Taste
- Salt - Sweet - Sour - Bitter - Umami
54
Olfaction
ability to detect chemicals (Sense of Smell)
55
Olfactory Cilia
collects molecules of odor
56
Olfactory Bulbs
receive molecules communicate their nature to the brain
57
Smell Communication
taste and smell go together
58
Pheromones
Smell hormones
59
Smells of Pheromones
- Putrid - Fruity - Flowery - Burnt - Resinous
60
Perception
matter of interpretation and expectation
61
Figure-Ground
objects that stand out from surrounding
62
Proximity
closer together, perceived as belonging together
63
Similarity
similar elements perceived as part a group
64
Continuity
sensations that appear to create continuous form belong together
65
Closure
process of filling on the missing details of what is veiwed
66
Common Fate
sets moving in same direction and speed are perceived as together
67
Depth Perception
ability to see relation of objects in space
68
Binocular Cues
depth clues using both eyes
69
Retinal Disparity
differences between images provided by two retinas, brought together to provide depth
70
Texture Gradiant
how rough or smooth objects are
71
Monocular Cues
depth cues using single eye
72
Size Constancy
ability to retain size of an object regardless of location
73
Color Constancy
Ability to perceive an object as the same color regardless of enviroment
74
Brightness Constancy
ability to keep an object's brightness constant as the object is moved to various enviroments
75
Shape Constancy
ability to perceive an object as having same shape regardless of angle
76
Space Sonstancy
ability to keep objects in the environment steady by perceiving either ourselves or outside objects as moving
77
Synchrony
stimuli at same time perceived as belonging together (i.e. a baseball and basketball)
78
Common Region
elements in same boundary grouped together (i.e. a bowl of fruit)
79
Connectedness
elements connected by other elements tend to be grouped together (i.e. Power Lines)
80
Illusions
inaccurate perceptions
81
Muller-Lyer Illusions
One line in a picture with two equal-length lines seems longer
82
Reversible Figure
same object is seen as two alternating figures
83
Learning-Interference
what you already know interferes with new task

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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