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ANTH 1220 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two forces governing the workings of politics?

A
  1. ability to induce behaviour of others in specified ways by means of coercion
  2. ability to induce behaviour of others using persuasion
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2
Q

what is legitimacy?

A

perception that an individual has a valid right to leadership

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3
Q

historically in agricultural states, the right to rule was based on what?

A

hereditary succession (typically to eldest son of ruler)

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4
Q

what are castes?

A

the division of society into hierarchal levels; one’s position is determined by birth and remains fixed for life

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5
Q

what is reversed dominance?

A

societies where attempts by individuals to exercise power are rejected

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6
Q

what are positive reinforcements?

A

rewards for compliance

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7
Q

what are negative reinforcements?

A

punishment for noncompliance

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8
Q

what is power?

A

the ability to induce behaviour of others in specified ways by means of coercion

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9
Q

what is authority?

A

the ability to induce behaviour of others using persuasion

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10
Q

how can legitimacy be established?

A

supernatural beliefs and/or military/political participation

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11
Q

what are the levels of socio-cultural integration?

A

bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states

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12
Q

how does the function of family differ between small communities and larger, more complex societies?

A

in small communities, the family functions as a political unit but on larger, more complex societies, the functions of the family are taken over by larger social institutions

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13
Q

what is definition of socio-cultural integration?

A

types of political organizations

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14
Q

what are bands?

A

the smallest unit of political organization consisting of only a few families and no formal leadership positions

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15
Q

what are tribes?

A

larger populations compared to bands but are organized around family ties and have fluid systems of temporary leadership

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16
Q

what are chiefdoms?

A

large political units where the chief holds a formal position of power

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17
Q

what are states?

A

the most complex form of political organization characterized by a central government that has a monopoly over legitimate uses of physical force, a sizeable bureaucracy, a system of formal laws, and a standing military force

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18
Q

what can the types of political integration be further characterized as and how?

A
  • bands and tribes as egalitarian
  • chiefdoms as ranked
  • states as stratified
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19
Q

what are egalitarian societies?

A

no great difference in status/power between people and there are as many valued status positions in societies as there are people able to fill them

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20
Q

what are ranked societies?

A

substantial differences in wealth and social status of people based on how closely related they are to the chief; limited number of positions of power/status

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21
Q

what are stratified societies?

A

large differences in wealth, status, and power of people based on unequal access to resources and positions of power

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22
Q

what kind of societies are always egalitarian?

A

foraging societies

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of bands?

A
  • foragers, nomadic
  • lack formal leadership
  • value of modesty
  • most conflict arise from interpersonal arguments
    -disputes resolved informally
  • wars are short-lived
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24
Q

why are wars short-lived in bands?

A

no formal leadership or enough warriors

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25
Q

which political unit was most likely to have come into existence outside the family first?

A

bands

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26
Q

what are the characteristics of tribes?

A
  • 100 to 5k people
  • no centralized political structures
  • no rules of succession, leadership roles are open and not hereditary
  • social integration is through sodalities, men’s houses, formal gift exchanges, and marriage
  • at least 2 well-defined groups
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27
Q

what are sodalities?

A

systems used to encourage solidarity/feelings of connectedness between people who are not related by family ties

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28
Q

what are big mans?

A

form of temporary/situational leadership; influence is from acquiring followers

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29
Q

what are age sets?

A

named categories where people of a certain age are assigned at birth

30
Q

what are age grades?

A

groups of people close to each other in age and share similar duties/responsibilities

31
Q

what are the primary devices tribes use to maintain order and establish relationships?

A

exchanges and informal obligations

32
Q

in tribes, what are the 3 options groups have when they meet for the first time (regarding gifts and feasting)?

A
  1. pass each other and never see each other again
  2. fight
  3. permanent relationship
33
Q

in tribes, what can result from cross-cousin marriages?

A

reduced tension between groups and/or incentive for members of rival lineages to work together

34
Q

what is an affinal link?

A

family relationships created through marriage

35
Q

what is a bilateral cross-cousin marriage?

A

man marries woman who’s both his mother’s brother’s daughter and his father’s sister’s daughter

36
Q

what is restricted exchange?

A

marriage system where only two extended families are part in an exchange

37
Q

what is a segmentary lineage?

A

hierarchy of lineages that contains both close and relatively distant family members

38
Q

where do segmentary lineages often develop?

A

environments where a tribe is surrounded by several other tribes and hostility between them induces their members to retain ties with their kin

39
Q

what are functions of segmentary lineages?

A

regulating warfare and inheritance and property rights

40
Q

what is codified law?

A

formal legal systems where damages, crimes, remedies, and punishments are specified

41
Q

what does the law look like in tribes?

A

lack codified law so they use negotiation, mediation, or divine events (oaths, ordeals) to resolve conflict

42
Q

what are oaths?

A

practice of calling on a deity to bear witness to the truth of what one says

43
Q

what is an ordeal?

A

a test used to determine guilt/innocence by submitting the accused to dangerous, painful, or risky tests believed to be controlled by supernatural forces

44
Q

what are the types of tribal wars?

A

raids and feuds

45
Q

what are raids?

A

short-term uses of physical forces that are organized and planned

46
Q

what are feuds?

A

longer in duration, represent state of recurring hostilities

47
Q

in ranked societies, what is the most important difference between people based on?

A

sumptuary rules

48
Q

what are sumptuary rules?

A

norms permitting people of higher rank to enjoy greater social status by wearing distinctive clothing, jewelry, etc.

49
Q

what is an office (regarding chiefs)?

A

permanent political status demanding a successor when the current leader dies

50
Q

what are the two concepts of chief?

A

the man/woman and the office

51
Q

what are political chiefdoms usually accompanied by?

A

an economic exchange system

52
Q

in chiefdoms, what is integration based on?

A

marriage and secret societies

53
Q

what are matrilateral cross-cousin marriages?

A

man marries his mother’s brothers’ daughter

54
Q

what are patrilineages?

A

family lineage groups based on descent from a common male ancestor

55
Q

what is a patrilateral parallel-cousin marriage?

A

man marries father’s brother’s daughter

56
Q

what are elites?

A

numerical minority

57
Q

in stratified societies, who controls strategic resources sustaining life?

A

elites

58
Q

what is stratification?

A

social structure involving 2/more largely mutually exclusive populations

59
Q

what kind of society relates to caste systems?

A

stratified societies

60
Q

what is the most formal level of political organization?

A

states

61
Q

what are nations?

A

group connected by language, territory, history, political organization

62
Q

what are ideologies?

A

reinforces rights of power holders to rule; can manifest in philosophical form

63
Q

what are the types of state power?

A

-administrative bureaucracy
- taxation
- ideologies
- coercion

64
Q

how do states form?

A
  • presence of a stratified society
  • increased agricultural productivity
65
Q

what is circumscription?

A

enclosure of an area by a geographic feature / boundaries of a state

66
Q

who are the original subjects of state society formation?

A

peasant farmers

67
Q

what is proletarianization?

A

loss of land

68
Q

what are characteristics of peasants?

A

loss of land and self-sufficiency

69
Q

what does law and order, and warfare look like in states?

A

formal and codified

70
Q

what does warfare look like in states?

A
  • widespread
  • primary motivation for wars is to establish economic and political hegemony over foreign populations (increase surplus)
71
Q

what does stability and duration look like in states?

A

they have a tendency toward instability and only a few states have lasted a thousand years

72
Q

what is unilineal descent?

A

kinship systems recognizing only one sex-based “side” of the family

ANTH 1220 (11 decks)

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