Chapter 7

Question 1

what are the two forces governing the workings of politics?

Answer 1

1. ability to induce behaviour of others in specified ways by means of coercion
2. ability to induce behaviour of others using persuasion

Question 2

what is legitimacy?

Answer 2

perception that an individual has a valid right to leadership

Question 3

historically in agricultural states, the right to rule was based on what?

Answer 3

hereditary succession (typically to eldest son of ruler)

Question 4

what are castes?

Answer 4

the division of society into hierarchal levels; one’s position is determined by birth and remains fixed for life

Question 5

what is reversed dominance?

Answer 5

societies where attempts by individuals to exercise power are rejected

Question 6

what are positive reinforcements?

Answer 6

rewards for compliance

Question 7

what are negative reinforcements?

Answer 7

punishment for noncompliance

Question 8

what is power?

Answer 8

the ability to induce behaviour of others in specified ways by means of coercion

Question 9

what is authority?

Answer 9

the ability to induce behaviour of others using persuasion

Question 10

how can legitimacy be established?

Answer 10

supernatural beliefs and/or military/political participation

Question 11

what are the levels of socio-cultural integration?

Answer 11

bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states

Question 12

how does the function of family differ between small communities and larger, more complex societies?

Answer 12

in small communities, the family functions as a political unit but on larger, more complex societies, the functions of the family are taken over by larger social institutions

Question 13

what is definition of socio-cultural integration?

Answer 13

types of political organizations

Question 14

what are bands?

Answer 14

the smallest unit of political organization consisting of only a few families and no formal leadership positions

Question 15

what are tribes?

Answer 15

larger populations compared to bands but are organized around family ties and have fluid systems of temporary leadership

Question 16

what are chiefdoms?

Answer 16

large political units where the chief holds a formal position of power

Question 17

what are states?

Answer 17

the most complex form of political organization characterized by a central government that has a monopoly over legitimate uses of physical force, a sizeable bureaucracy, a system of formal laws, and a standing military force

Question 18

what can the types of political integration be further characterized as and how?

Answer 18

• bands and tribes as egalitarian
• chiefdoms as ranked
• states as stratified

Question 19

what are egalitarian societies?

Answer 19

no great difference in status/power between people and there are as many valued status positions in societies as there are people able to fill them

Question 20

what are ranked societies?

Answer 20

substantial differences in wealth and social status of people based on how closely related they are to the chief; limited number of positions of power/status

Question 21

what are stratified societies?

Answer 21

large differences in wealth, status, and power of people based on unequal access to resources and positions of power

Question 22

what kind of societies are always egalitarian?

Answer 22

foraging societies

Question 23

what are the characteristics of bands?

Answer 23

• foragers, nomadic
• lack formal leadership
• value of modesty
• most conflict arise from interpersonal arguments
  -disputes resolved informally
• wars are short-lived

Question 24

why are wars short-lived in bands?

Answer 24

no formal leadership or enough warriors

Question 25

which political unit was most likely to have come into existence outside the family first?

Answer 25

bands

Question 26

what are the characteristics of tribes?

Answer 26

- 100 to 5k people - no centralized political structures - no rules of succession, leadership roles are open and not hereditary - social integration is through sodalities, men's houses, formal gift exchanges, and marriage - at least 2 well-defined groups

Question 27

what are sodalities?

Answer 27

systems used to encourage solidarity/feelings of connectedness between people who are not related by family ties

Question 28

what are big mans?

Answer 28

form of temporary/situational leadership; influence is from acquiring followers

Question 29

what are age sets?

Answer 29

named categories where people of a certain age are assigned at birth

Question 30

what are age grades?

Answer 30

groups of people close to each other in age and share similar duties/responsibilities

Question 31

what are the primary devices tribes use to maintain order and establish relationships?

Answer 31

exchanges and informal obligations

Question 32

in tribes, what are the 3 options groups have when they meet for the first time (regarding gifts and feasting)?

Answer 32

1. pass each other and never see each other again 2. fight 3. permanent relationship

Question 33

in tribes, what can result from cross-cousin marriages?

Answer 33

reduced tension between groups and/or incentive for members of rival lineages to work together

Question 34

what is an affinal link?

Answer 34

family relationships created through marriage

Question 35

what is a bilateral cross-cousin marriage?

Answer 35

man marries woman who's both his mother's brother's daughter and his father's sister's daughter

Question 36

what is restricted exchange?

Answer 36

marriage system where only two extended families are part in an exchange

Question 37

what is a segmentary lineage?

Answer 37

hierarchy of lineages that contains both close and relatively distant family members

Question 38

where do segmentary lineages often develop?

Answer 38

environments where a tribe is surrounded by several other tribes and hostility between them induces their members to retain ties with their kin

Question 39

what are functions of segmentary lineages?

Answer 39

regulating warfare and inheritance and property rights

Question 40

what is codified law?

Answer 40

formal legal systems where damages, crimes, remedies, and punishments are specified

Question 41

what does the law look like in tribes?

Answer 41

lack codified law so they use negotiation, mediation, or divine events (oaths, ordeals) to resolve conflict

Question 42

what are oaths?

Answer 42

practice of calling on a deity to bear witness to the truth of what one says

Question 43

what is an ordeal?

Answer 43

a test used to determine guilt/innocence by submitting the accused to dangerous, painful, or risky tests believed to be controlled by supernatural forces

Question 44

what are the types of tribal wars?

Answer 44

raids and feuds

Question 45

what are raids?

Answer 45

short-term uses of physical forces that are organized and planned

Question 46

what are feuds?

Answer 46

longer in duration, represent state of recurring hostilities

Question 47

in ranked societies, what is the most important difference between people based on?

Answer 47

sumptuary rules

Question 48

what are sumptuary rules?

Answer 48

norms permitting people of higher rank to enjoy greater social status by wearing distinctive clothing, jewelry, etc.

Question 49

what is an office (regarding chiefs)?

Answer 49

permanent political status demanding a successor when the current leader dies

Question 50

what are the two concepts of chief?

Answer 50

the man/woman and the office

Question 51

what are political chiefdoms usually accompanied by?

Answer 51

an economic exchange system

Question 52

in chiefdoms, what is integration based on?

Answer 52

marriage and secret societies

Question 53

what are matrilateral cross-cousin marriages?

Answer 53

man marries his mother's brothers' daughter

Question 54

what are patrilineages?

Answer 54

family lineage groups based on descent from a common male ancestor

Question 55

what is a patrilateral parallel-cousin marriage?

Answer 55

man marries father's brother's daughter

Question 56

what are elites?

Answer 56

numerical minority

Question 57

in stratified societies, who controls strategic resources sustaining life?

Answer 57

elites

Question 58

what is stratification?

Answer 58

social structure involving 2/more largely mutually exclusive populations

Question 59

what kind of society relates to caste systems?

Answer 59

stratified societies

Question 60

what is the most formal level of political organization?

Answer 60

states

Question 61

what are nations?

Answer 61

group connected by language, territory, history, political organization

Question 62

what are ideologies?

Answer 62

reinforces rights of power holders to rule; can manifest in philosophical form

Question 63

what are the types of state power?

Answer 63

-administrative bureaucracy - taxation - ideologies - coercion

Question 64

how do states form?

Answer 64

- presence of a stratified society - increased agricultural productivity

Question 65

what is circumscription?

Answer 65

enclosure of an area by a geographic feature / boundaries of a state

Question 66

who are the original subjects of state society formation?

Answer 66

peasant farmers

Question 67

what is proletarianization?

Answer 67

loss of land

Question 68

what are characteristics of peasants?

Answer 68

loss of land and self-sufficiency

Question 69

what does law and order, and warfare look like in states?

Answer 69

formal and codified

Question 70

what does warfare look like in states?

Answer 70

- widespread - primary motivation for wars is to establish economic and political hegemony over foreign populations (increase surplus)

Question 71

what does stability and duration look like in states?

Answer 71

they have a tendency toward instability and only a few states have lasted a thousand years

Question 72

what is unilineal descent?

Answer 72

kinship systems recognizing only one sex-based "side" of the family