Chapter 7

Question 1

What did Europeans initially do in Canada?

Answer 1

They fished and had good trading relationships with the First Nations

Question 2

How did the First Nations aid the Europeans in The Fur Trade?

Answer 2

They delivered pelts to the Europeans and made long journeys for them. They also helped them survive harsh winters and how to avoid scurvy.

Question 3

How did Europeans exploit the fur of North America?

Answer 3

They set up companies and persuaded investors

Question 4

How did the French government contribute to the fur trade?

Answer 4

They gave the French in Canada a 15-year monopoly on the fur trade. In return, they had to attract 4000 settlers and convert First Nations to Catholicism

Question 5

What is social status defined by in First Nations society?

Answer 5

Ability

Question 6

How did First Nations and Europeans differ in terms of treaties?

Answer 6

First Nations orally remembered them and passed them down by word of mouth. Europeans were accustomed to written treaties

Question 7

What was the original goal of the British North American

and First Nations treaties?

Answer 7

To prevent conflict so that Europeans could settle safely

Question 8

What was the relationship like with First Nations and the Europeans in Newfoundland?

Answer 8

It turned hostile when Europeans set up their fish drying racks on the summer fishing sites of the Beothuk

Question 9

How did the Beothuk and Europeans react when the relationship turned hostile?

Answer 9

The Beothuk destroyed the European equipment so the Europeans killed them

Question 10

What caused the Beothuk to become extinct?

Answer 10

• European diseases
• Starvation due to being forced inland
• Europeans murdering them

Question 11

Why couldn’t the First Nations force out the Europeans?

Answer 11

• The Europeans built fortified villages
• Europeans had muskets
• European diseases weakened the First Nations
• Conflicts among the First Nations made it difficult to unify

Question 12

What were the 7 Years of War?

Answer 12

A war between the French and British which also spread to their colonies around the world

Question 13

After the 7 Years of War, when British became victorious in gaining new land, how did they attract settlers to Quebec?

Answer 13

They created a royal proclamation and offered British people land grants if they came to Canada

Question 14

How did the Europeans appease First Nations after the 7 Years of War?

Answer 14

They reserved a large amount of land inland for them

Question 15

What is a legacy that the French left related to land?

Answer 15

They divided land into large tracts called seigneurs and gave them to people of noble birth who then attracted settlers to work the land. The plots were usually based on water ways

Question 16

What was a weakness of the Seigneurial system?

Answer 16

They were difficult to defend

Question 17

What type of land did the Europeans claim for themselves?

Answer 17

Fertile land, and they forced the First Nations onto unproductive land

Question 18

What encouraged First Nations to sign treaties with the Europeans?

Answer 18

Depopulation

Question 19

What did the Numbered Treaties do for First Nations people?

Answer 19

They surrendered their territory and agreed to live on reserves. They were also promised annual payments and other benefits

Question 20

What were the problems with the numbered treaties?

Answer 20

• First Nations were given unproductive land
• They were negotiated orally and then typed up by the Canadian government
• First Nations saw the money as a gift in exchange for “sharing their territory”

Question 21

What was the first tool the government used against First Nations to encourage assimilation?

Answer 21

The Indian Act

Question 22

Does the Indian act still remain today?

Answer 22

Yes, but it has changed a lot

Question 23

What did the Indian Act mean for First Nations in the 19th century?

Answer 23

Life was strictly controlled by government officials

Question 24

What were the ways the Indian act controlled First Nations?

Answer 24

• Defined who was and wasn’t a status Indian
• Banned traditional practices
• Only those who moved off the reserve were allowed to vote
• Were not allowed to pursue land affairs without consulting the superintendent of Indian affairs

Question 25

Why were residential schools set up?

Answer 25

Because the Indian act made the government responsible for education

Question 26

Who was Phil Fontaine?

Answer 26

A First Nations man who spoke about what her had endured at residential schools. He has also dedicated his life to advancing the rights of First Nations children

Question 27

How did First Nations children suffer due to residential schools?

Answer 27

• The schools were far
• Teachers were cruel
• Discipline was harsh
• Children were punished for speaking their own languages

Question 28

How were all immigrants not equally welcomed in Canada?

Answer 28

British immigrants were actively recruited. People who did not come from Europe were discouraged

Question 29

What is a cultural mosaic?

Answer 29

A way of honouring people ethnic and cultural roots

Question 30

Why did Canada introduce the multiculturalism policy?

Answer 30

To deal with the changing makeup of the population

Question 31

What is the idea of multiculturalism?

Answer 31

Reject assimilation and accept cultural pluralism

Question 32

What is cultural pluralism?

Answer 32

The idea that people are free to retain their own cultural traditions.

Question 33

Why did some people believe that a multicultural policy was bad?

Answer 33

• They believed it would divide Canadians

- Some believed it would erode the British culture

Question 34

What were the 2 types of land claims?

Answer 34

Comprehensive and specific

Question 35

What were comprehensive land claims based around?

Answer 35

Area where treaties were never signed

Question 36

What were specific land claims about?

Answer 36

In relation to treaty conditions that had not been met

Question 37

What contributed to the quiet revolution?

Answer 37

Many people cast off traditional ways of thinking and started to demand equality

Question 38

What did Quebecois do in the quiet revolution?

Answer 38

-They rejected traditional conservative values

Question 39

What changes came out of the Quiet Revolution?

Answer 39

• The education system was changed to reflect 20th century needs
• Gave a voice to Quebecois who were not earning as much a anglophones