Chapter 7 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
is the right side pulmonary or systemic circulation
which one is the left
A
right side=pulmonary
left side=systemic
2
Q
when the heart contracts is it systole or diastole
when the heart relaxes which one is it
A
systole=contracts
diastole=relax
3
Q
what is blood pressure
A
the pressure exerted on the arterial walls during contraction and relaxation
4
Q
what is heart rate controlled by
A
nerve impulses
5
Q
where does heart rate originate and by what
A
right atrium and by the sinoatrial node (the pacemaker)
6
Q
what controls why the pacemaker slows up or slows down
A
the need for oxygen in the body
7
Q
what do veins have
A
thin walls and valves to control blood flow
8
Q
what do arteries have
A
thick walls and they can constrict or dilate to control blood flow
9
Q
what are the smallest blood vessels
A
capillaries (one cell thick)
10
Q
what are the coronary arteries
A
artery that carries oxygenated blood to the heart
11
Q
how much more of a risk do smokers have of having a heart attack or stroke or from dying from a heart attack
A
twice the risk
12
Q
in what ways does smoking harm the cardiovascular system
A
damagees the lining of the arteries
reduces the levels of HDL
raises levels of triglycerides and LDL
increase blood pressure and heart rate because of carbon monoxide displacing oxygen in the blood
platelets stick together
speeds development fatty diposits in the arteries
13
Q
what is high blood pressure called
A
hypertension
14
Q
what causes cardiovascular disease
A
increased output of blood from the heart or increased resistance of blood flow in the arteries
15
Q
what is atherosclerosis
A
plaque build up in the arteries
16
Q
what does the heart have to do when you have high blood pressure
A
work harder than normal to force blood through the stiffened and harder, narrow arteries
17
Q
what is high blood pressure often called
A
the silent killer
18
Q
what does high blood pressure increase the risk of
A
heart attack
congestive heart failure
stroke
kidney failure
blindness
19
Q
what is the cause for essential hypertension
A
mixture of genetics and environmental factors
20
Q
what cause secondary hypertension
A
usually from underlying illness
21
Q
what percent of Canadian adults have hypertension and how many have it controlled
A
20% have it
2/3 have it controlled
22
Q
who is hypertension more common for
A
women taking oral contraceptives
23
Q
what groups of people have higher rates of hypertension
A
First Nations
Inuit
Metis
African and South Asian descent
24
Q
can primary hypertension be cured
A
no but it can be controlled
25
what lifestyle changes should happen to prevent hypertension
maintain healthy weight
exercise regularly
eat a healthy diet
quit smoking and avoid second hand smoke
moderate intake of alcohol
26
how is cholesterol carried in the blood
in protein lipid packages (lipoproteins)
27
what is the recommended age for cholesterol screening in canada
40 years old, earlier for Indigenous and people of South Asian heritage
28
what are the benefits of controlling cholesterol
evidence of HDL increaase may reverse deposits on artery wall
29
as fat weight increases what also increases
risk for CVD
30
what is body fat strongly associated with
hypertension
high cholesterol
diabetes
physical inactivity
increase in age
31
with extra body fat what also increases
amount of blood having to pump through the body, making the heart work harder
32
what is diabetes characterized as
elevated blood glucose levels due to insufficient supply or inadequate action of insulin
33
what does diabetes increase
CVC by 2-4 times
damge of the endothelial cells lining the arteries
increased body fat
34
what factor contribute to elevated triglyceride levels
excess body fat
physical inactivity
cigarette smoke
type 2 diabetes
excess alcohol intake
high carbohydrate diets
some disease and medications
35
what does the pancreas secrete when you consume carbohydrates
insulin
36
when do people become resistant to the effects of insulin
when they become physically inactive and overfat
37
when an artery is injured what is the body's response
produce inflammation
38
what does stains reduce the risk of and by how much
CVC by 50%
39
what is activated when someone occurs stress
sympathetic system
40
what do people who effectively regulate emotions have a better chance of doing
coping with a wide range of situations
41
what disease is common for people with depression
coronary heart disease and people who have suffered a heart attack
42
what things about some people social situations are linked with cardiovascular disease
isolation and low social support
43
what can high levels of social support reduce
reduce death after heart failure by 30%
44
what things about having a low socioeconomic status and low education increase the risk of CVC
lifestyle and access to healthcare
45
what can happen if someone drinks to much alcohol and use stilulant drugs or injection drugs
raised blood pressure
increased risk for stroke and heart failure
injection drugs can lead to infection of the heart
46
what are major risk factors for CVD that cannot be changed
heredity
aging
sex
race and ethnicity and geography
47
do favourable genes increase of decrease the risk of CVD
decrease risk, unfavourable increase the risk
48
what type of risk does having a first degree relative with CAD have for you
doubles the risk of you developing CAD
49
what percent of people 65 or older die from heart attacks
80-85%
50
which sex faces the higher risk of a heart attack
men
51
up until what age do men have a greater risk of hypertension
64
52
what sex has the higher risk of having a stroke
men
53
at what age do women tend to survive more stokes compared to males
80+
54
what racial and ethnic groups have a higher death rate from heart disease
Indigenous women
55
what are high levels of homocysteine associated with
increased risk of CVD
56
what does homocysteine do
appears to damage the lining of blood vessels resulting in inflammation and deposition of fats on the artery walls
57
what can homocysteine cause
clots and blockages in the arteries
58
what is homocysteine often associated with
cognitive impairment such as memory loss
59
people who have a flu infection are how many times more likely to have heart attack
six time more likely
60
what sections of an artery have Chlamydia pneumoniae been found
clogged damaged arteries (not in healthy arteries)
61
what does lipoprotein maybe have a risk for
CHD especially when associated with high LDL and low HDL
62
what is lipoprotein (a) thought to promote
clots and delievering of cholesterol to site of vascular injury
63
does lipoprotein (a) have a strong or weak genetic component to CHD? is it hard to treat
strong and hard to treat
64
how much does lifestyle modifications have on the effect of lipoprotein (a)
little effect
65
what type of blood viscosity may increase risk of CVD
high blood viscosity
66
what natural habit may reduce viscosity of blood
drinking more water
67
what can high uric acid potentially cause
kidney stones
68
what time do more heart attacks occur
between 6am and noon
69
why are people more likely to experience a heart attack between 6 and noon
natural increase in adrenaline and cortisol levels
increase in sympathetic activity as people start their day
70
what season do more people experience a heart attack, which season seems to be more fatal
winter for both
71
what are some explanations for higher risk of heart attack in the winter
low temperature
burst of exertion, such as shoveling snow
increase strress and depression (seasonal affective disorder)
holiday related bursts of eating and drinking
reluctance to seek help during the holidays
72
what is plaque build up called
CAD coronary artery disease
73
what does PAD stand for and what is it
peripheral arterial disease the result of a blocked artery in the periphery
74
what are the main risk factors for atherosclerosis
smoking
physical inactivity
high levels of blood cholesterol
high blood pressure
diabetes
75
what can you do to delay the progression of atherosclerosis
have healthy lifestyles
76
what is a heart attack called and what is it
myocardial infraction caused when a coronary artery is blcoked
77
what are signs and symptoms of a heart attack
chest discomfort
sweating
upper body discomfort
nausea
shortness of breath
light-headedness
fear, anxiety or denial
78
how many heart attacks happen per year (estimated)
70,000
79
what is angina
a condition where the arteries are narrowed, but blood is still delivered to the heart
80
what can be a significant warning sign for a heart attack
angina pectoris
81
what causes the pain called angina pectoris
stress or exertion, where the heart needs more oxygen than can be delivered
82
how is heart contraction controlled
electrical impulses
83
what happens if electrical conduction is disrupted
heart may beat irregularly, called arrhythmia
84
what may cause sudden cardiac death
arrhythmia called ventricular fibrillation
85
how fast can ventricular fibrillation cause death if allowed to continue
less than 10 minutes
86
what does a patient experiencing sudden cardiac death need to have done to have a chance to survive
defibrillated
87
what are some nonsurgical treatments thaat can be used to treat heart disease
diet modifications
increase physical activity
taking low dose aspirin everyday
88
what is a coronary bypass
a surgical technique where a vein from a patients leg is grafted onto the aorta to bypass a bloackage
89
what is a stroke and what is it sometime called
happens when blood supply to the brain is stopped and is called a cerebral vascular accident
90
what can cause a stroke
ruptured blood vessel
blocked blood vessel
91
what is the difference between a ischemic stroke and a hemorrhagic stroke
ischemic stroke=caused by blockage in blood vessel
hemorrhagic. stroke= the blood vesssel in the brain bursts
92
what can cause hemorrhages
head trauma
bursting of a malformed blood vessel called an aneurysm
93
what is a transient ischemic attack
produces stroke like symptoms before a stroke
symptoms are brief and do not cause permanent damage
taken as a serious warning sign
94
what does peripheral arterial disease (PAD) refer to
atherosclerosis in the arms or legs
95
what are some factors leading to PAD
smoking
diabetes
high cholesterol
hypertension
96
what are some symptoms of PAD
claudication (aching or fatigue in the leg on exertion)
chest pain
97
what may cause swelling in the legs and ankles
fluid backup when heart cannot maintain a regular pumping rate
98
what are some common defects of cognenital heart defects
holes in the interventricular septum
coartication of the aorta
99
what is a common cause of death among athletes under 35
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Causing the mypcardium to become enlarged
100
what is the cause of rheumatic fever
untreated streptococcal throat infections
101
who does rheumatic heart disease (RAD) normallu effect and what can it cause permanet damage to
children aged 5-15 and damage to the heart muscle in valves
102
what is the most common heart valve disorder and what is it
mitral valve prolapse
blood leaks from the left ventricle to the left atrium during contraction
103
what are the best ways to protect yourself from cardiovascular disease
eat heart healthy foods
increase fibre intake
decrease sodium intake and increase potassium intake
moderate alcohol consumption
exercise regularly
avoid tabacoo
know and manage blood pressure and cholesterol levels
develop effective ways to handle stress and anger
104
what does fibre do within the body
slow production of proteins promoting blood clotting and traping bile acids needed to manuufacture cholesterol
105
what types of food should you eat to get the recommended amount of fibre
whole grain
fruit
vegetables
106
what can a reduction in sodium intake do for the body
reduce blood pressure
107
what are some risks of alcohol
hypertension and stroke
some cancers
liver disease
alcohol dependence
alcohol induced injuries
108
what are some dietary factors that affect CAD
omega three fatty acids
some plant foods
109
what are some dietary approaches to stop hypertension
diets low in fat and high in fruits, vegetables and low in fat dairy products
110
what is the clearest positive effect of exercise
reduction in hypertension
111
what is the number one risk for CVD
smoking
