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Kinesology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the links in the chain of infection

A

pathogen
reservoir
portal of exit
means of transmission
portal of entry
the new host

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2
Q

what are some ways to break the chain of infection

A

public health measures and individual actions
public sanitation practices and the chorination of drinking water helping kill pathogens
use of face masks and hand washing

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3
Q

what are the two types of barriers against infections

A

physical and chemical barriers

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4
Q

what is the largest organ and what does it prevent

A

the skin, preventing microbes from entering the body (many live on the skin but few can penetrate the barrier

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5
Q

what are mucus membranes rich in and what how do they prevent infection

A

antibodies and enzymes destroying many microbes

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6
Q

what does the respiratory tract contain and what does it do to help prevent infection

A

cilia, that sweeps away foreign matter

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7
Q

what are immunological defenders

A

neutrophils
macrophages
natural killer cells
dendritic cells
lymphocytes

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8
Q

what is the function of the lymph glands as part of the immune system

A

filter bacteria and other sunstances from lymph

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9
Q

what are the two main lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

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10
Q

what makes immune cells so remarkable

A

it is able to distinguish foreign cells from the body cells

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11
Q

what do body cells contain that makes lymphocytes be able to identify as a “self”

A

display markers on the surface (antigens)

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12
Q

what is the inflammatory response

A

body’s first reaction to infection or injury

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13
Q

what do mast cells relsease in the area of infection of injury

A

histamine

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14
Q

what is the function of white blood cells in fighting infection

A

they are drawn to area of infection or injury and attack the invaders

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15
Q

what are the two types of immune responses

A

natural (innate)
acquired (adaptive)

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16
Q

what type of immune response are T and B cells part of

A

acquired response

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17
Q

what is phase one of the immune response

A

dendritic cells redrawn to injury site and consume foreign cells
provide information about the pathogen and activate helper t cells

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18
Q

what is phase two of the immune response

A

helper t cells multiply rapidly and trigger production of killer t cells and b cells in the spleen and lymph nodes
cytokines help regulate and coordinate their immune response
interleukins and interferons are examples of cytokines
stimulating production of t and b cells and antibodies
promote activities of natural killer cells producing feverand have anti pathogenic properties

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19
Q

what is phase three of the immune response

A

killer t cells strike at foreign cells by identifying the antigens on cells surfaces
known as cell-mediated immune response
triggers inflammatory response helping clean out the site
b cells work to produce large quantities of antibody molecules
called antibody-mediated immune response

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20
Q

what is phase 4 of the immune response

A

slowdown activity
regulate molecules and cells inhibit lymphocytes proliferation and induced lymphocyte death
restore resting level of b and t cells
cellular debris is filtered out by liver, spleen and kidneys

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21
Q

what does immunity mean

A

infected person will never get the same illness again (aquired immunity)

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22
Q

what is the basis for immunization

A

based on the body’s ability to remember antigens

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23
Q

what are the ways that vaccines can be made

A

microbes can be cultured that weakens them
ex. mumps, measles and rubella
pathogens can be killed in laboratory but body still able to stimulate antibody production
ex. influenze

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24
Q

what are the two types of immunity

A

active and passive immunity

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25
what effects does histamine have on the allergic response
increases inflammatory response and stimulates mucus production nose may cause congestion and sneezing eyes itch and tear up skin has redness, swelling and itching intestines bloat and cramp lungs cough and wheezing and shortness of breath can cause asthma attack
25
what are most allergic reactions caused by
immunoglobulin (IgE)
26
what is the name of the most serious reaction of allergic response
anaphylaxis (can be life threatening) (requires an immediate injection of epinephrine)
27
what are the three strategies for dealing with allergies
avoidance medication immunotherapy
28
what is the most abundant living organism on earth
bacteria that usually reproduce by splitting in two to create a pair of identical cells
29
what types of bacteria does the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract have
harmful and helpful
30
what can pathogenic bacteria in food and drink produce
damaging toxins
31
what may happen if pathogenic bacteria enters the body
infection
32
what is pneumonia
inflammation of the lung potentially caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi symptoms are severe and can include other illnesses such as a cold or flu can be treated with antibiotics
33
what is meningitis
infection of the meninges (membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) viral meningitis is mild and usually resolves on its own bacterial meningitis can be life threatening
34
how does staphylococcus bacterium grow
grow in clusteres, found on the skin and nasal passages of healthy people (may cause boils to blood infection and pneumonia)
35
what is tuberculosis caused by
bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis which is chronic infection affecting lungs spread via the respiratory route
36
how are some diseases transmitted
insect vectors example Lyme disease (deer tick is responsible for transmission of lyme disease to humans) example rocky mountain spotted fever transmitted through tick bites example ehrlichiosis
37
what are characteristics and symptoms of ulcers
sore lining of the stomach mostly in the duodenum symptoms include gnawing, burning pain, nausea and loss of appetite
38
what is tetanus caused by
bacterium clostridium tetani (lockjaw)
39
what is pertussis
"whooping cough" caused by bacterium bordetella pertussis that causes bursts of rapid coughing followed by high-pitched inhalation
40
what is a uti
urinary tract infection most commonly caused by the bacterium escherichi coli usually infection occurs during intercourse when bacteria travels up the urethra into the bladder
41
what are antibiotics
naturally occuring and synthetic substances that can kill bacteria (widely preescribed and effective drug) works by interrupting production of new bacteria by damaging part of the reproductive cycle some inhinit production of certain proteins some interfere with reading of DNA
42
when does antibiotic resistance occur
when medication is misused or overused the bacterium then mutates to become resistant to the antibiotic (more often bacteria encounter antibiotics the more likely they are to develop resistance) resistance is promoted when people fail to take the full course of antibiotics or when substantial use of antibiotics in agriculture
43
what are some prevention methods of antibiotics strains
dont take antibiotics every time you get sick use antibiotics as directed and finish the full course to ensure targeted bacteria are killed off dont take antibiotics without a prescription
44
what do viruses lack the ability to do and what are they considered
lack ability to reproduce them self so they are parasites
45
what do viruses do once they are in a host cell
shed their protein covering and their genetic material takes over the cell the infected cell then produces more viruses
46
what does the body produce to fight viruses
produce interferon which are responsible for most symptoms of a viral illness
47
what types of cells do colds, permanent paralysis aids and SARS-CoV-2 attacks
colds=respiratory tract cells permanent paralysis=nerve cells aids=immune system SARS-CoV-2=many different organ system
48
how are most cold viruses transmitted
through hand to hand contact fomite transmission (touching infected surfaces)
49
are colds caused by cold weather
no, that is an urban myth
50
what is influenza
an infection of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus more serious illness than the common cold that can develop into pnemonia and is high contagious and spread via respiratory droplets
51
how are measles and rubella generally characterized
by fever and rash
52
what can measles potentially lead to
more serious illnesses including liver and brain infections
53
what can happen if a pregnant women contracts rubella
the virus can be transmitted to the fetus causing miscarriage or blindness
54
what do mumps generally cause
swelling of the parotid glands meningitis in males and inflammation of the testes
55
what are herpes viruses
a large group of viruses that when infected the host is never free of the virus virus lies latent within certain cells and can become active periodically (dangerous for people with depressed immune systems)
56
what does the varicella-zoster virus cause
chicken pox and shingles
57
what are the characteristics of chicken poxs
itchy rash made-up of small blisters
58
what can the virus that causes chicken poxs reactivate and cause
shingles
59
what types of cells does varicella-zoster virus become latent in
sensory nerves
60
what can herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 cause and what are they characterized as
cold sores and STI herpes small painful ulcers around the mouth and genitals
61
what is viral encephalitis
inflammation of brain tissue caused by viral infection (caused by HSV type 1, and maybe bu HIV and several mosquito borne viruses)
62
what do mild cases of viral encephalitis cause
fever headache nausea lethargy
63
what can severe cases of viral encephalitis cause
memory loss delirium siminished speech function seizures maybe permanent brain damage or death
64
what is the term viral hepatitis used to describe
several infection that cause inflammation of the liver
65
what are the types of viral hepatitis and how are they transmitted
hepatitis A (HAV)- mildest form transferred by contaminated food and water from the sewage or infected person hepatitis B (HBV)-transmitted sexually hepatits C (HCV)- transmitted sexually, through infected blood (more common), and can be passed from pregnant women to child
66
what are symptoms of acute heapatitis infections
fatigue jaundice abdominal pain loss of appetite nausea diarrhea
67
what types of hepatitis have effective vaccines
hepatitis A and B
68
which people are at risk for getting viral hepatitis
people who inject drugs received a drug transfusion donated organs before July 1992 engage in high-risk sexual behavior body piercing tattoos acupuncture involving unsterile equipment
69
what type of drugs are available to treat chronic hepaitis
antiviral drugs but are not completely effective
70
what can poliomyelitis cause
paralysis and death
71
what does polio affect
the nervous system, but is almost non-existent in North and South America due to vaccines
72
what is rabies caused by
rhabdovirus and can be fatal infection of the central nervous system (mostly transmitted through animal bites)
73
what have the most recent cases of rabies been traced to and what is recommened if in contact with said mammals
bats, and recommened a PEP vaccine routine right away if in contact with a bat
74
where are common locations for warts caused by human papillomavirus
hands soles of feet genital warts
75
what does HPV cause the majority of cases of
cervical cancers
76
how do antiviral drugs typically work
they interfere with some part of the viral lifecycle
77
what infections have antivirals available
infections caused by HIV influenza herpes simplex varicella zoster HCV and HBV
78
what are fungi
organisms that absorb food from organic matter can be multicellular (mould) or uniceullular (yeast)
79
how many fungi can cause disease in humans and where do these disease occur
50 fungi on the skin and in mucous membranes and lungs
80
why are some fungal diseases hard to treat
because of spores
81
what is a common fungi found in the vaginal canal of women and what can it cause
candida albicans excessive growth can cause itching and discomfort (yeast infection)
82
what factors exacerbate growth of C.Albicans
use of antibiotics clothing keeping the vaginal area warm and moist pregnancy oral contraceptive use certain diseases HIV infection
83
what are common symptoms of fungi infection
thick white or yellowish discharge
84
what are common ways to treat fungal infections
over the counter medications
85
what are some common fungi infections
athletes foot jock itch ringworm
86
what are severe life threatening fungi diseases
histoplasmosis coccidioidomycosis deadly for people with impaired immune systems
87
what are protozoa
single celled pathogens
88
what is a disease caused by protozoa and what is it characterized by
malaria severe flu like symptoms may cause anemia can be caused by mosquitoes (vector infection)
89
how can you be infected by protozoa
consume contaminated food and water pick up of parasite from contaminated surface
90
what is giardiasis (bever fever) caused by and how is most commonly borne
caused by giardia lamblia and most common water borne disease in North America (rarely serious, and can be treated with prescription medications, can cause nausea, bloating and abdominal cramps)
91
which people are most at risk for protozoa
childcare workers children attending daycare international travelers hikers, campers drinking untreated water
92
what is a common vaginal infection
trichomoniasis
93
what is trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) caused by and what are symptoms and some things it can cause
caused by bite out of infected tsetse fly symptoms extreme fatigue, fever, rash, severe headache, central nervous system damage, and death
94
what are parasitic worms
largest organisms that can enter the body and cause infection (can grow several metres long)
95
what organs can flukes infect
liver lungs can be deadly if in large numbers
96
how do worms usually orginate
from contaminated food or drink
97
what are prions
proteinaceous infectious particles (that do not contain DNA or RNA and do not trigger an immune response, form deposits in the brain, can cause normal proteins to change their structure and to a damaging form)
98
what are transmissible spongiform
sponge like holes in the brain creutzfeldt-jakobs disease (humans) bovine spongiform encephalography (cattle) scrapie (sheep)
99
what are prions resistant to
heat radiation chemicals that kill other pathogens
100
what are examples of diseases that are of concern
zika virus monkeypox west nile virus severe acute respiratory syndrome covid-19 rotavirus escherichia coli o157:h7 hantavirus ebola
101
what are some factors that contribute to emerging infections
drug resistance poverty breakdown of public health measures travel and commerce mass food production and distribution human behaviour bioterrorism climate change
102
what is an autoimmune reaction
when the body starts attacking its own cells because the body confuses its own cells with foreign organisms
103
what is epidemiology
study of disease in a population used to manage disease outbreaks and epidemics and combat misinformation
104
what is an outbreak
greater number than expected of new cases of a disease in a certain area
105
what is an epidemic
greater than expected number of new cases affecting a large population or region
106
what is a pandemic
greater than expected number of cases of a disease affecting multiple countries at the same time
107
how is covid-19 spread
aerosol transmission droplet transmission fomite transmission
108
what is aerosol transmission
exhaled respiratory units smaller than 5 micrometre in diameter and linger in the air for hours
109
what is droplet transmission
exhaled resporatory units bigger than 5 micro metres that fall to the ground
110
what is fomite transmission
respiratory units on a surface touched by a potential host where it then gets transferred to their mucus membrane
111
what are some symptoms of covid-19
fever cough tiredness loss of taste or smell
112
what are some serious symptoms of covid-19
difficulty breathing/shortness of breath loss of speech or mobility or confusion chest pain
113
what are ways to suport your immune system
eat a balanced diet get enough sleep exercise dont smoke and drink get enough vitamin D wash hands and avoid contact drink water from clean sources avoid contact with disease carriers practice safe sex do not use injectable drugs get vaccinated

Kinesology (11 decks)

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