Chapter 8 Flashcards by Alyssa Bartniski

what is the leading cause of death in Canada?
how many deaths is it responsible for

cancer 1 in 4 deaths

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what is the estimation for how many Canadians will develop cancer

two in five Canadians

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what is a tumor

a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose

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what are the two types of tumors and give an example of each

benign-wart
malignant-lung cancer

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what is a benign tumor

cells similar to surrounding cells encased in a membrane

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what is a malignant tumor synonymous with

cancer

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what does a malignant tumor do

invades surrounding tissue, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic system

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what is an example of a cancer that do not produce masses

leukemia

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what is metastasis

spreading of cancer cells
passing through the lymphatic system to invade other tissue
the tumor can recruit normal cells and use them to travel to other parts of the body

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what is one reason why early detection of cancer is crucial

because of the ability for cells to metastasize
so all cancerous cells must be removed
because once it is in the system it is hard to control the spread

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when is the probability of cure better for cancer

when the lymph glands do not contain cancer cells
counting the number of lymph glands is a key method in determining the outcome

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how many stages are used to describe the disease of cancer

five stages

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what is the process to identify the stage of cancer

assess the extent or size of the primary tumor
determine whether the cancer has invaded the lymph nodes
is metastases present

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what are the 5 stages if cancer and the key description

stage 0=precancerous change
1=tumor is small and has not grown outside the organ it started in
2 and 3= tumor is larger or has grown outside the organ it started in
stage 4= the cancer has spread through the blood or lymphatic system to distant sites in the body (metastatic spread)

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what is remission of cancer

signs and symptoms of cancer disappear
disease is under control
usually results from treatment (usually not on their own)

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what lifestyle changes can be made to reduce the risk of cancer

use sunscreen (reduce skin cancer)
avoid exposure to tobacco smoke
control weight and diet (reduce breast, uterine and colon cancer)
regular self-screening and self-examinations

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what are some common cancer

lung cancer
colon and rectal cancer
breast cancer
prostate cancer
cervical cancer
uterine or endometrial cancer
ovarian cancer
skin cancer
head and neck cancers
testicular cancer
pancreatic cancer
stomach cancer
bladder cancer
kidney cancer
brain cancer
leukaemia
lymphoma
multiple myeloma

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what is the main risk factor for lung cancer

tobacco smoke/environmental smoke

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what type of cancer accounts for the most deaths in Canada

lung cancer

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when do symptoms of lung cancer appear and what are some symptoms

the invasive stage
persistent cough or chest pain

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what are some treatments of lung cancer

if caught early surgery can treat localized tumors
rediation and chemotherapy

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what are risk factors of colon and rectal cancer

age
heredity
cancer arise from polyps
chronic bowel inflammation and diabetes
excessive alcohol intake
obesity
use of NSAIDS

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what is the primary treatment for colon and rectal cancer

surgery
raadiation and chemotherapy may also be used after surgery

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what is the most common cancer in women

breast cancer

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what are some lifestyle changes to make to prevent breast cancer

eating low fat and vegetable rich diet physically active limit alcohol intake maintain healthy body weight

what are some risk factors of breast cancer

genetics/heredity early menstruation or having first child after age 30 high breast density, physically inactive alcohol use hormone replacement therapy women with higher income have slightly increased risk oral contraceptives with progesterone and estrogen

what are some signs of a benign tumor in breast cancer

breast pain or tenderness

what are the first signs of breast cancer most likely to be

lump swelling or thickening nipple retraction or bleeding from the nipple

what is the most common cancer among men

prostate cancer

what are risk factors of prostate cancer

age is the strongest risk beginning at age 50 genetics most prevalent among black men diets high in calories, dairy, animal fat, low in plant foods

what are some warning signs of prostate cancer

urinary frequency interrupted urine flow bloody urine

when does cervical cancer occur in women

in their 30s or maybe in their 20s

the are the two most common risk factors of cervical cancer

smoking infection with genital herpes

when is cancer of the uterus or endometrium usually occur

after age 50

what are the risk factors of uterine or endometrial cancer

early menstruation prolonged exposure to estrogen never been pregnant being obese

what are some non-modifiable risk factors of ovarian cancer

increasing age never being pregnant family history specific gene mutations

what are some treatments of ovarian cancer

removal of both ovaries, fallopian tubes and the uterus radiation and chemotherapy

what is one of the most highly curable forms of cancer

skin cancer

where do melanomas usually appear

at the site of an existing mole

what are some risk factors of skin cancer

having many moles spending time at high altitude family history of the disease ultraviolet radiation

what can cancer of the mouth throat and lyrics be traced to

tobacco smoke, smokless tobacco excessive alcohol consumption

what is the role of the pancreas

produce digestive enzymes and insulin

factors that can lead to pancreatic cancer

tobacco obesity male sedentary over age 65 inherited disorder diabetes diet high in fat red meat and low in vegetables

what are risk factors of stomach cancer

infection with helicobacter pylori smoked salts or pickled fish or meat H pylori converts nitrates in perserved foods to carcinogenic amines

what is a key risk factor of bladder cancer

smoking

what are signs of kidney cancer

fatigue pain in the side blood in the urine

why do the majority of brain cancers develop

no apparent reason also may be from exposure to x-ray

what is leukemia

cancer of the white blood cells starting in bone marrow but it can spread to lymph nodes, the spleen, liver, central nervous system and other organs

what are some symptoms of leukemia

fatigue amemia weight loss increased risk of infection

what are the two types of lymphoma

hodgkin's disease non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) NHL is more common and more deadly

what types of people are at higher risk of lymphoma

people with compromised immune systems

what are risk factors for multiple myeloma

age men have a higher risk than women obesity weakened immune system monoclonal gammopathy exposure to pesticides

what are important risk factors in the development of cancer

heredity and genetics cancer promoters tobacco use diets refined sugars alcohol high temperature cooking fibre fruit and vegetable intake inactivity and obesity carcinogens in your environment

what is a mutation

any change in the normal makeup of a gene

what environmental agents may cause mutations and what are they called

mutagens and some examples are: radiation certain viruses chemical substances

what is a mutagen that causes cancer called

a carcinogen

what are normal cells that mutate into cancer cells called

oncogenes

what is the normal function of the p53 gene found on chromosome 17

prevent cancer

what can happen if the p53 gene is mutated

can cause rapid cell division and promote the spread of cancer it is believed that up to 60% of all cancer are because of damage to the p53 gene

what is one way to obtain a mutated oncogene

inherit it

what is an example of an inherited oncogene

BRCA 1 (breast cancer gene 1)

what do cancer promoters

promote accelerated growth of cells without damaging or altering their DNA

what are carcinogenic agents known as and what is an example

cancer initiators example is UV radiation

what are examples of cancer promoters

estrogen cigarette smoke

what types of cancer can tobacco smoke cause

lung larnyx mouth pharynx esophagus stomach pancreas liver kidneys cervix

what type of food should be high in your diet to decrease the risk of cancer development

fruits and vegetables

what types of foods should we limit out consumption of

red meat high fat foods omega 6 fats

what does a diet og high amounts of sugar cause and how can that lead to cancer

high sugar intake can lead to obesity which is associated as a risk to mulitple types of cancers

what does alcohol interact with as a risk factor for oral cancer

tobacco

what type of cancer does alcohol increase the risk of

colon cancer

what chemical has been found in foods baked or fried at high temperatures

acrylamide

what has fibre intake been linked to

reducing tcertain cancers gastrointestinal tract cancers

what are some nutrients that act as anticarcinogens

vitamin C vitamin E selenium caratenoids

what do antioxidants prevent

free radicals from damaging DNA

what are some anti-cancer agents called

phytochemicals

what type of fat in the body has been shown to increase the risk of cancers

abdominal fat

what are some common ways to treat cancer

surgery chemotherapy radiation immunotherapy stem cell transplant

what is the first line of defence in detecting cancer

self monitoring

what is chemotherapy

use of cancer killing drugs

what is chemotherapy often used in combination with

surgery

what is palliative chemotherapy

when the cancer cannot be completely eradicated and chemotherapy is still done

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(81 cards)