Chapter 7

Question 1

What is sterilization?

Answer 1

removal or destruction of all microbes in an environment

Question 2

What is disinfection?

Answer 2

kill or remove all non-endospore forming bacteria, usually chemical methods

Question 3

What does antiseptic mean?

Answer 3

application of disinfectant to living tissue

Question 4

What is degerming?

Answer 4

application of aseptic to local area

Question 5

What is sepsis?

Answer 5

contaminated with microbes

Question 6

What is asepsis?

Answer 6

not contaminated with microbes

Question 7

What is microbicide?

Answer 7

can kill all microbes

Question 8

What is biocide?

Answer 8

kills all living things

Question 9

What is bactericide?

Answer 9

kills all bacteria

Question 10

What is fungicide?

Answer 10

kills all fungi

Question 11

What is virucide?

Answer 11

kills all viruses

Question 12

What does the suffix -stat or -stasis mean?

Answer 12

stops and maintains current population

Question 13

What is membrane permeability?

Answer 13

regulation of molecule flow in and out of the cell

Question 14

How do treatments target membrane permeability?

Answer 14

punching holes in the plasma membrane, which disrupts water balance

Question 15

What do proteins do?

Answer 15

they are essential for metabolism and structure

Question 16

Are proteins susceptible to treatment?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

What type of bond do disulfide bridges use?

Answer 17

covalent bonds

Question 18

How does treatment target DNA and RNA?

Answer 18

they target the ribosomes

Question 19

What is thermal death point?

Answer 19

minimum temperature required to kill microbes in ten minutes

Question 20

What is thermal death time?

Answer 20

time required to kill everything at particular temperature

Question 21

What does moist heat treatment involve?

Answer 21

boiling

Question 22

How effective is moist heat treatment?

Answer 22

kills most bacteria and fungi in ten minutes with the exception of endospores

Question 23

How does the autoclave sterilize?

Answer 23

using steam and pressure

Question 24

What is pasteurization?

Answer 24

milder heat treatment that kills harmful microbes and reduces cell count

Question 25

What does HTST stand for?

Answer 25

high temperature short time

Question 26

What does UHT stand for?

Answer 26

ultra-high temperatures

Question 27

What are methods of dry-heat sterilization?

Answer 27

inoculating loop sterilized by flame (oxidation effects are LETHAL), hot-air sterilization in an oven requires more time or higher temperature

Question 28

What is filtration?

Answer 28

porous membrane captures microbes with a vacuum created below the membrane, drawing liquid out and removing microbes

Question 29

What is desiccation?

Answer 29

freeze-dying and reducing access to water

Question 30

How is osmotic pressure used for treatment?

Answer 30

creating hypertonic environments with high sugar and salt concentrations, causing plasmolysis

Question 31

What is ionizing radiation?

Answer 31

energy-intensive radiation with smaller wavelengths and high-energy beams of electrons

Question 32

What is non-ionizing radiation?

Answer 32

uses UV light

Question 33

What are the two methods to evaluate disinfectants?

Answer 33

use-dilution test and disk-diffusion

Question 34

Describe the use-dilution test.

Answer 34

metal or glass cylinder is dipped into liquid culture, dried at 37 degrees for a short amount of time, dry culture sample and dipped into solution of chemical treatment for 10 minutes at 20 degrees C, observe cultures for growth

Question 35

Describe the disk-diffusion test?

Answer 35

agar plate culture, soak small filter paper in chemical disinfectant, place on agar plate, observe culture's for zone of inhibition

Question 36

Who discovered phenols?

Answer 36

Joseph Lister

Question 37

What are phenols?

Answer 37

a group of aeromatic organic compounds that are used as disinfectants in plastics and other consumer products

Question 38

What are phenolics?

Answer 38

contain phenol with altered or added components, less irritation on human tissue, and not as smelly, target plasma membrane

Question 39

What is O-phenylphenol?

Answer 39

derived from coal production and the primary ingredient in Lysol

Question 40

What is triclosan?

Answer 40

antimicrobial in soaps and detergents, inhibits enzymes which are necessary for lipid bilayer formation

Question 41

What are halogens comprised of?

Answer 41

chlorine and iodine

Question 42

How does iodine work?

Answer 42

impairs protein function and lipid bilayer synthesis, complexes with amino acids

Question 43

What are the forms of chlorine used for treatment?

Answer 43

chlorine gas, in combination with other compounds, and hypochlorous acid