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Microbiology > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What are colonies?

A

1,000s to 100,000s of cells

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2
Q

What are populations?

A

many colonies, cells number millions to billions

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3
Q

What are the physical requirements for microbial growth?

A

temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure

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4
Q

What is a psychrophile?

A

bacteria that thrives in cold temperatures

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5
Q

What is a mesophile?

A

bacteria that thrive in medium temperatures, especially human body temperature

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6
Q

What is a thermophile?

A

bacteria that thrive in hot temperatures

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7
Q

What are psychrotrophs?

A

bacteria that thrive in refrigerator conditions

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8
Q

What does pH refer to?

A

the acidity of the environment

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9
Q

At what pH do most bacteria thrive?

A

neutral, 6.5-7.0

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10
Q

What are acidophiles?

A

bacteria that thrive in acidic environments

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11
Q

What are halophiles?

A

bacteria that thrive in high salt concentrations

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12
Q

What are the chemical requirements for microbial growth?

A

carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and metal ions

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13
Q

What is significant about carbon?

A

it makes up half the dry mass of the cell, is the chemical backbone for almost everything

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14
Q

What is significant about nitrogen and phosphorus?

A

they make up nucleic acids

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15
Q

What is significant about sulfur?

A

it makes up amino acids

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16
Q

What is significant about metal ions?

A

they bind with enzymes to make them active, acting as cofactors

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17
Q

What are the three most common metal ions?

A

iron, copper, and zinc

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18
Q

What is an ROS?

A

reactive oxygen species

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19
Q

What are the two common ROS?

A

superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide

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20
Q

What are biofilms?

A

complex structures to input food and output waste

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21
Q

Why are biofilms necessary?

A

to counteract the depletion of resources and accumulation of waste

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22
Q

What are the two forms of bacterial reproduction?

A

binary fission and budding

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23
Q

What is binary fission?

A

one cell splits into two

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24
Q

What is budding?

A

a cell grows off existing cell

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25
What are the four phases of growth in order?
Lag, exponential, stationary, and death
26
What is the lag phase of growth?
very slow growth, metabolic activity and preparation for division
27
What is the exponential phase of growth?
rapid growth of the population
28
What is the stationary phase of growth?
cell population remains stable
29
What is the death phase of growth?
death rate is higher than reproduction rate
30
What is sterilization?
the complete death of microbes
31
What is disinfection?
more targeted cell destruction, does not kill everything
32
What does the suffix -cidal mean?
kill
33
What does the suffix -stat/-stasis mean?
stops growth
34
What are the main targets of sterilization/disinfection?
Plasma membrane, proteins, and nucleic acids
35
What are the physical methods of sterilization/disinfection?
heat, filtration, temperature, osmotic pressure, radiation
36
What are the two types of heat?
moist heat and dry heat
37
Which sterilization methods use moist heat?
autoclave and pasteurization
38
What are the two forms of dry heat?
flame and oven
39
What is the most important aspect of filtration?
pore size
40
What pore size is used for filtering viruses?
15-20 nanometers
41
What pore size is used to filter bacteria?
0.2 - 0.45 micrometers
42
What is unique about using temperature for disinfection?
it doesnt kill, just stops growth
43
What is the process of using osmotic pressure for sterilization?
create a hypertonic solution of salt or sugar, causing plasmolysis
44
Where is osmotic pressure most commonly used for sterilization?
food preservation
45
As radiation wavelength decreases, energy…
increases
46
What is high-energy radiation?
ionizing
47
What is low-energy radiation?
non-ionizing
48
What are the two chemical method evaluations?
disk-diffusion test and use-dilution test
49
Describe the disk-diffusion test.
A disc containing the antimicrobial agent is placed within an inoculated agar plate. Then, a zone of inhibition appears around the disk showing decreased growth.
50
Describe the use-dilution test.
a cylinder is coated with a microorganism culture, cylinder is dipped in disinfectant solutions of varying concentrations, cylinder is placed in a sterile test tube with growth medium, and the test tube is incubated to test for growth
51
Why are phenols no longer used?
they are irritating to the skin
52
What are the two most common halogens?
iodine and chlorine
53
What are the two most common alcohols?
ethanol and isopropanol
54
What is the standard concentration of alcohol for disinfectant?
70%
55
Why is a lower concentration of alcohol more effective?
water is required in order to attack the proteins
56
Why are heavy metals used for disinfection/sterilization?
they form ions readily and can be toxic to cells
57
What is horizontal gene transfer?
transfer of genes between members of the same generation
58
What is vertical gene transfer?
transfer of genes between members of different generations (reproduction)
59
What are the three types of horizontal gene transfer?
transformation, transduction, and conjugation
60
What is transformation (gene transfer)?
bacteria take in DNA from the environment
61
What is transduction (gene transfer)?
virus-mediated
62
What is conjugation (gene transfer)?
DNA transferred directly from one cell to another using a sex pilus
63
What is a sex pilus?
an appendage on bacteria cells that allows for the transfer of DNA between cells
64
What is a plasmid?
a DNA molecule within a cell that is separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently
65
What are the two bacteria cell types in HGT?
F+ and F-
66
Which cell is the donor cell?
F+
67
Which cell is the recipient cell?
F-
68
What are serological tests?
tests used to detect antigens and antibodies in bacteria

Microbiology (8 decks)

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