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CPT7 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Regional interdependence model

A

The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body

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2
Q

Biomechanics

A

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

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3
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward; It is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature.

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4
Q

Medial

A

Relatively closer to the midline of the body; e.g. abductors attach to medial side of femur

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5
Q

Lateral

A

Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body; e.g. ears are positioned laterally on the head

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6
Q

Contralateral

A

Positioned on the opposite side of the body; e.g. right hand is contralateral to left foot

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7
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Positioned on the same side of the body; e.g. Rand hand ipsilateral to the right foot

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8
Q

Anterior

A

Positioned on or toward the front of the body; e.g. quadriceps are on the anterior aspect of the thigh

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9
Q

Posterior

A

Positioned on or toward the back of the body; e.g. hamstring complex on posterior aspect of the thigh

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10
Q

Proximal

A

Positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point; e.g., the wrist is more proximal to the elbow than the fingers

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11
Q

Distal

A

Positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point; e.g., the ankle is more distal to the hip than the knee

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12
Q

Inferior

A

Positioned below an identified reference point; e.g., the soleus (calf muscle) is inferior to the hamstring complex

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13
Q

Superior

A

Positioned above an identified reference point; e.g., the pelvis is superior to the tibia

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14
Q

Sagittal plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

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15
Q

Flexion

A

Bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

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16
Q

Extension

A

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

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17
Q

Hyperextenstion

A

An extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

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18
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion occurring at the ankle

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19
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extension occurring at the ankle, pointing the foot downwards

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20
Q

Frontal plane

A

an imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves; movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side to side motions

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21
Q

Abduction

A

Movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

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22
Q

Adduction

A

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

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23
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Bending of the spine from side to side

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24
Q

Eversion

A

Movement in which the inferior calcaneus (the heel bone) moves laterally; the bottom of the foot faces outward

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25
Inversion
Movement in which the inferior calcaneus moves medially; bottom of foot faces inward
26
Transverse plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
27
Internal rotation
Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body
28
External Rotation
Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body
29
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
30
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
31
Radioulunar pronation
Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm up position to a palm down position
32
Radioulnar supination
Outward position of the forearm from a palm down position to a palm up position
33
Pronation of the foot
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of aversion, Dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction
34
Supination of the foot
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production
35
Gait
Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting
36
Scapular protraction
Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline
37
Scapular retraction
Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline
38
Scapular depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae
39
Scapular elevation
Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae
40
Elasticity
The ability of soft tissue to return to resting length after being stretched
41
Flexibility
The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint
42
Hypermobility
A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint
43
Hypomobility
When range of motion at a joint is limited
44
Eccentric muscle action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
45
Concentric muscle action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting a force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle
46
Isometric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length
47
Core
The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip combo (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen and hip joint
48
Muscle action spectrum
The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement
49
Agonists
The primary muscles providing force for a movement
50
Synergists
Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement
51
Stabilizers
Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves
52
Feed-forward activation
When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement
53
Antagonists
Muscles on the opposite of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles
54
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object
55
Length-tension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
56
Resting length
The length of a muscle when it’s not actively contracting or being stretched
57
Muscle balance
When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position
58
Altered length-tension relationship
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce
59
Reciprocal inhibition
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen
60
Altered reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neutral drive to its functional antagonist
61
Muscle imbalance
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships
62
Neutral position
The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion
63
Stretch-shortening cycle
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction
64
Series elastic component
Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy
65
Amortization phase
The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle
66
Stretch reflex
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening
67
Integrated performance paradigm
To move with efficiency; forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)
68
Tendon
A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
69
Force-couple relationships
The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint
70
Joint support systems
Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal to the spine
71
Rotary motion
Movement of the bones around the joints
72
Torque
A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the Newton meter (Nm)
73
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli
74
Motor control
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with experiences to produce a motor response
75
Motor learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior
76
Motor development
Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span
77
Muscle synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement
78
Sensorimotor integration
Cooperation of the nerves and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
79
Feedback
Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
80
Internal feedback
Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movements and the environment
81
External feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment
82
Neuromuscular efficiency
The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion
83
What are the three overarching types of muscle actions?
Isotonic, isometric, and isokinetics
84
Deep longitudinal subsystems (DLS)
The muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and low back region

CPT7 (9 decks)

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