Chapter 8

Question 1

Bioenergetics

Answer 1

The study of energy in the human body

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself

Question 3

Exercise metabolism

Answer 3

The examination of the bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiological changes and demands placed on the body during exercise

Question 4

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another

Question 5

Macronutrients

Answer 5

Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrates, and fat

Question 6

Substrates

Answer 6

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate

Question 7

Glucose

Answer 7

The simplest form of carbohydrates used by the body for energy

Question 8

Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)

Answer 8

The point at which the body uses equal amount of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources

Question 9

Ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)

Answer 9

The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity

Question 10

Fats

Answer 10

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy for the body; fats help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of fats: saturated and unsaturated

Question 11

Triglyceride

Answer 11

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as the body

Question 12

Free fatty acids

Answer 12

The by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats, metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate

Question 13

Protein

Answer 13

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; the building blocks of body tissues

Question 14

Essential amino acids

Answer 14

Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body doesn’t make it; there are nine essential amino acids

Question 15

Nonessential amino acids

Answer 15

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and don’t, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet

Question 16

Negative energy balance

Answer 16

When calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended

Question 17

Ketogenisis

Answer 17

The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids

Question 18

Ketone bodies

Answer 18

Water-soluble molecules produced in the liver as a results of fatty acid oxidation; they can be oxidized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate

Question 19

Ketosis

Answer 19

A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support

Question 20

Exogenous ketones

Answer 20

Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form

Question 21

Insulin resistance

Answer 21

The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes

Question 22

Ketoacidosis

Answer 22

Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance

Question 23

Mechanical work

Answer 23

The physical processes that move the body and keep it alive, such as muscle contraction

Question 24

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Answer 24

A high energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate is formed

Question 25

Phosphorylation

Answer 25

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, such as in the transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate to create adenosine triphosphate

Question 26

ATP-PC system

Answer 26

An energy system that provides every very rapidly, for approximately 10-15 seconds via anaerobic metabolism

Question 27

Anaerobic

Answer 27

Process relating to the absence of oxygen

Question 28

Glycolysis

Answer 28

A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen

Question 29

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 29

A series of reactions inside the mitochondria that used oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate

Question 30

Aerobic

Answer 30

Processes relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen

Question 31

Deamination

Answer 31

The breakdown of amino acids into substrates that can be used for energy metabolism

Question 32

Electron transport chain (ETC)

Answer 32

A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create adenosine triphosphate

Question 33

Steady-state aerobic exercise

Answer 33

Aerobic exercise that remains at a relatively constant intensity, including a stable heart rate and oxygen consumption

Question 34

Excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Answer 34

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise

Question 35

Total daily energy expenditure

Answer 35

The total amount of energy expended in one day

Question 36

Kilocalorie (kcal)

Answer 36

One food calorie; Also, the amount of energy needed to raise one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius

Question 37

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Answer 37

The rate at which the body’s metabolism expends energy (calories) when fasted and at complete rest, such as sleeping or lying quietly

Question 38

Exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT)

Answer 38

The calories expended through structured exercise or training

Question 39

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

Answer 39

The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients that are consumed

Question 40

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

Answer 40

Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise, such as walking, completing household chores, and taking the stairs

Question 41

Physical activity level (PAL)

Answer 41

The number of calories a person expends through physical activity and structured exercise

Question 42

Metabolic equivalent (MET)

Answer 42

A measurement used to describe the energy cost of physical activity as multiples of resting metabolic rate. One MET is 3.5mL of oxygen consumption per kilogram per minute

Question 43

How many calories equal 1 pound (~0.5kg) of body fat?

Answer 43

3,500 calories

Question 44

Primary energy providing molecule in the human body

Answer 44

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 45

Any form of exercise can be defined by what two factors?

Answer 45

Intensity and duration