Chapter 7

Question 1

What is the role of attention?

Answer 1

It involves awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

Question 2

What are the levels of processing?

Answer 2

Structural encoding, phonemic encoding and semantic encoding

Question 3

What’s structural encoding?

Answer 3

Emphasizes the physical structure of the stimuli

Question 4

What is phonemic encoding?

Answer 4

The sound of a word

Question 5

What is semantic encoding?

Answer 5

Meaning of the word

Question 6

What is elaboration?

Answer 6

The linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Makes learning process more meaningful

Question 7

Self-referent encoding

Answer 7

Involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant

Question 8

What sensory memory?

Answer 8

Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

Question 9

Wha is storage?

Answer 9

Involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time

Question 10

What is retrieval?

Answer 10

Involves recovering information from memory stores

Question 11

What is short term memory/working memory?

Answer 11

A limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 seconds

Question 12

What’s George Millers “Magic Number”?

Answer 12

8 + or - 2

Question 13

What is working memory capacity?

Answer 13

Refers to ones ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

Question 14

What is a schema?

Answer 14

Organization of thoughts on previous accounts

-super model

Question 15

What is a conceptual hierarchy/clustering?

Answer 15

A multi-level classification system based on common properties among items

Question 16

What is a semantic network?

Answer 16

It consists of nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Turns into a spider web

Question 17

What is long-term memory?

Answer 17

An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

Question 18

What is flashbulb memory?

Answer 18

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of the circumstances in which people learned about momentous, newsworthy events

9/11

Question 19

What are connectionist networks (PDP)?

Answer 19

Simultaneously activating all sections of the brain at the same time

Fire truck- diff lobes

Question 20

What is connectionism?

Answer 20

Informations lies in the strengths of the connections

Question 21

What are retrieval clues?

Answer 21

Stimuli that help gain access to memories

Question 22

What is the misinformation effect?

Answer 22

When participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event information

Question 23

What is source monitoring error?

Answer 23

When a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

Question 24

What is reality monitoring?

Answer 24

The process deciding whether memories are based on internal or external sources

Question 25

What is Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve?

Answer 25

It graphs retention and forgetting over time Drops off then flattens

Question 26

What is recognition?

Answer 26

The measure of retention requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of oppositions

Question 27

What is recall?

Answer 27

A measure of retention reunites subjects to reproduce their own w/out any cues

Question 28

What is encoding?

Answer 28

Involves forming a memory case

Question 29

What does it mean to be theorized?

Answer 29

That something can be proven wrong later with technology

Question 30

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

Answer 30

When memory is encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory

Question 31

What is the serial position effect?

Answer 31

When you remember the things at the beginning and end of a list but not the middle

Question 32

What is storage decay?

Answer 32

Even when we memorize something well, there's a chance of forgetting it

Question 33

What is encoding failure?

Answer 33

When we fail to encode information and if never had a chance to enter LTM

Question 34

What is retrieval failure?

Answer 34

When memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory Basically tip of the tongue phenomenon

Question 35

What is proactive interference?

Answer 35

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Question 36

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 36

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Question 37

What is motivated forgetting(repression)?

Answer 37

When we sometimes revise our own histories when you don't want to admit something

Question 38

What does the left side of the hippocampus deal with?

Answer 38

Verbal

Question 39

What does the right side of the hippocampus deal with?

Answer 39

Visual and location

Question 40

What does the hippocampus do?

Answer 40

It finds the memory like a librarian finding a book

Question 41

What is explicit long-term memory?

Answer 41

Declarative General knowledge (semantic memory) Personally experienced events (Episodic memory)

Question 42

What is implicit long-term memory?

Answer 42

Skills-motor and cognitive Riding a bike

Question 43

What is long-term potentiation?

Answer 43

An increase in synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation Located throughout cortex

Question 44

What is the difference in Declarative and procedural memory?

Answer 44

Declarative: available in consciousness Procedural: body movement I.e. Driving a car

Question 45

What is sensory memory?

Answer 45

Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 46

What is iconic memory?

Answer 46

Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli 1/4 second

Question 47

What is echoic memory?

Answer 47

Momentary sensory memoirs of auditory stimuli 1 second

Question 48

What is prospective memory?

Answer 48

Involves remembering to preform actions in the future

Question 49

What is retrospective memory?

Answer 49

Involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information

Question 50

What is the method of loci?

Answer 50

When you take an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations

Question 51

What is the repressed memory controversy?

Answer 51

Refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feeling buried in the unconscious

Question 52

What is the cocktail party phenomenon?

Answer 52

Someone could be ignoring everyone else's conversations in the room but if someone were to say her name she would notice it even if she's been ignoring it

Question 53

What is visual memory?

Answer 53

When imagery is used to enrich encoding and helps people remember things

Question 54

What is phonological loop?

Answer 54

Represents all short-term memory

Question 55

What is a visuospatial sketch pad?

Answer 55

It permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images

Question 56

What are context cues in psychology?

Answer 56

When you go back to an old house and memories flood your mind