define communication
the process of transferring meanings from sender to reciever
what are the communication styles for high context and low context cultures?
-high-context cultures: messages often highly coded, implicit, and indirect; voice intonation, timing, facial expressions can play important roles in conveying information
low context cultures: messages are often explicit and speaker says precisely what s/he means; people often meet only to accomplish objectives; they tend to be direct and focused in communications
3 degrees of communication
- elaborating- most popular in high-context cultures with moderate degree of uncertainty avoidance (widely used in Arabic countries)
- exacting style- focuses on precision and use of the right amount of words to convey message; more common in low-context, low-uncertainty-avoidance cultures (England, Germany)
- Succinct style- people say few words and allow understatements, pauses, and silence to convey meaning; more common in high-context cultures with considerable uncertainty avoidance
contextual style vs. personal style
contextual: focuses on the speaker and the relationship of the parties
personal: focuses on the speaker and the reduction of barriers between parties
affective vs instrumental
affective: characterized by language requiring the listener to carefully note what is said and to observe how the message is presented
instrumental: goal oriented and focuses on the sender who clearly lets the other party know what s/he wants the other to know
communication flows
downward: from manager to subordinates, high power distance, used to convey orders
upward: from subordinate to superior, purpose to provide feedback, ask questions, obtain assistance
define nonverbal communication & what it includes
nonverbal: the transfer of meaning through means such as body language and use of physical space; includes:
- chromatics: use of color to communicate messages; certain colors mean different things in different cultures
- kinesics: study of communication through body movement and facial expression
- proxemics: study of the way people use physical space to convey messages
what is chronemics and what are the 2 types?
chronemics is the way time is used in a culture and comes in 2 types:
- monochronic: things are done in a linear and timely fashion
- polychronic: people do several things at the same time and place higher value on personal involvement than on getting things done on time
Negotiation and its 2 types
negotiation: the process of bargaining with one or more parties for the purpose of arriving at a solution that is acceptable to all; 2 types of negotiation:
1. distributive negotiation: two parties with opposing goals compete over a set value (win-lose)
2. Integrative negotiation: 2 groups integrate interests, create value, invest in the agreement (win-win)
negotiation process
- planning
- interpersonal relationship building
- exchanging task-related information
- persuasion
- agreement
